Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 7, 26 March 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 7
26 March 2009
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- Author(s): D.G. Holtby ; K.L. Ford ; B. Chambers
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 339 –340
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3277
- Type: Article
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A novel type of pyramidal absorber is presented. This absorber utilises a combination of impedance loading and an exponential stepped permittivity profile. The new design offers significant improvement in the absorber's low frequency performance when compared with existing pyramidal absorbers. Optimisation of the design parameters has been carried out to maximise the absorber's bandwidth at −40 dB reflectivity. - Author(s): A. Mandeville and R.W. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 340 –342
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3016
- Type: Article
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A novel low-cost package concept is presented whereby an end-fire antenna module can be surface mounted such that it radiates in a direction normal to the backplane to which it mounts. The packaging method features the use of conducting castellations in the edge of the multilayer antenna module to form a very broad band transition. An example transition is described and measurements of a prototype presented. Applications to Vivaldi-type active antennas are presented.
Optimisation of stepped permittivity impedance loaded absorber
Surface mount end-fire antenna package
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- Author(s): I. Álvarez ; J.M. Górriz ; J. Ramírez ; D. Salas-Gonzalez ; M. López ; C.G. Puntonet ; F. Segovia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 342 –343
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3415
- Type: Article
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An accurate and early diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of fundamental importance for the patient's medical treatment. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images are commonly used by physicians to assist the diagnosis. Presented is a computer-assisted diagnosis tool based in a principal component analysis (PCA) dimensional reduction of the feature space approach and a support vector machine (SVM) classification method for improving the AD diagnosis accuracy by means of SPECT images. The most relevant image features were selected under a PCA compression, which diagonalises the covariance matrix, and the extracted information was used to train an SVM classifier, which could classify new subjects in an unsupervised manner. - Author(s): G.M. Png ; R. Flook ; B.W.-H. Ng ; D. Abbott
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 343 –345
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3413
- Type: Article
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A report is presented of a novel study on the use of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy to distinguish between healthy and diseased snap-frozen tissue samples obtained from three regions of the human brain. The diseased tissue samples are neuropathologically diagnosed as containing abnormally high numbers of protein plaques consistent with Alzheimer's disease. As protein structures have been successfully probed elsewhere using THz radiation, it is expected that the collective vibrational modes of protein plaques can be detected in the THz frequency range. Furthermore, measurements of frozen samples assist in removing uncertainties caused by the presence of water in the sample. Results show some distinction in the THz absorption spectra, which could be attributed to pathological changes in the diseased tissue.
Alzheimer's diagnosis using eigenbrains and support vector machines
Terahertz spectroscopy of snap-frozen human brain tissue: an initial study
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- Author(s): A. Brambilla ; G. Storti Gajani ; C. Guardiani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 345 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0146
- Type: Article
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A comparative benchmark of the linearity properties of two of the most popular compact transistor models (BSIM4 and PSP) for nanometre process technologies (45 nm) is presented. The determination of the IP3 compression point for a particular network configuration, which is often encountered in RF mixers, is used as a comparison vehicle. Parameters of both the PSP and BSIM4 models adopted in the comparison have been fitted to a leading-edge 45 nm RF technology. The benchmarks show that the BSIM4 model is unable to capture the IP3 compression point whereas the PSP model yields the expected behaviour, thus enabling the determination of the correct value of IIP3. - Author(s): Z. Zhu and G. Gildenblat
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 346 –348
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3655
- Type: Article
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The symmetrically linearised charge-sheet model, which forms the core of the industry standard compact MOSFET model is extended to a wide temperature range by including partial impurity freeze-out. The new model is verified by comparison with the exact results and includes the original formulation as a special case corresponding to complete impurity ionisation.
Accuracy of PSP and BSIM4 models in determination of IP3 compression point
Symmetrically linearised charge-sheet model for extended temperature range
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- Author(s): H. Navarro ; S. Nooshabadi ; J.A. Montiel-Nelson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 348 –349
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3637
- Type: Article
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Satisfiability problems (SAT) for register transfer level designs combine arithmetic blocks with Boolean logic to form a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) environment. The classic model of the two-input n-bit adder for MILP is straightforward. However, proposed is a more efficient method using a new set of inequalities that describes its integer hull polyhedron. This special model reduces the number of branches needed to solve the whole integer problem, optimising the overall efficiency of the SAT solver. Experimental results show a CPU time reduction greater than one order of magnitude or higher, depending on the size of the problem. - Author(s): M.A. Jalón ; A. Rueda ; E. Peralías
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 349 –351
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0203
- Type: Article
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A method is introduced for reducing experimental setup complexity and time costs associated with the A/D converters linearity test using double histograms. The method is independent of the waveform of the test signal and it does not require inclusion of any time-interleaved technique to reduce time-drift effects. - Author(s): H. Zhang ; Q. Li ; E. Sánchez-Sinencio
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 351 –352
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0293
- Type: Article
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A global offset cancellation technique is proposed to solve the offset/flicker noise problem. It helps to minimise the silicon area and power consumption of a cyclic analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) with an operational transconductance amplifier sharing scheme. A 10 bit 1 MS/s cyclic ADC implemented in the TI 0.35 µm CMOS process proves the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Adder model for mixed integer linear programming
Enhanced double-histogram test
Minimum current/area implementation of cyclic ADC
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- Author(s): E. Ekmekcioglu ; M. Mrak ; S.T. Worrall ; A.M. Kondoz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 353 –354
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3682
- Type: Article
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Quality enhancement of free-viewpoint videos is addressed for 3D video systems that use the colour texture video plus depth map representation format. More specifically, a novel and efficient shape adaptive filter is presented for upsampling depth map videos that are of lower resolution than their colour texture counterparts. Either measurement or estimation of depth map videos can take place at lower resolution. At the same time, depth map reconstruction takes place at low resolution if reduced resolution compression techniques are utilised. The proposed design is based on the observation that significant transitions in depth intensity across depth map frames influence the overall quality of generated free-viewpoint videos. Hence, sharpness and accuracy in the free-viewpoint videos rendered using 3D geometry via depth maps, especially across object borders, are targeted. Accordingly, significant enhancement of rendered free-viewpoint video quality is obtained when the proposed method is applied on top of MPEG spatial scalability filters.
Edge adaptive upsampling of depth map videos for enhanced free-viewpoint video quality
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- Author(s): N. Biyikli ; Y. Damgaci ; B.A. Cetiner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 354 –356
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0207
- Type: Article
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The fabrication and characterisation of a double-arm cantilever-type metallic DC-contact MEMS actuator with low pull-down voltage are reported. Bi-layer TiW cantilevers with an internal stress gradient were fabricated using a microwave-compatible fabrication process. Owing to its small size, cantilever length (L=5–50 µm) and width (W=2–40 µm), i.e. ∼10–100 times smaller in lateral dimensions than a standard MEMS actuator, this actuator showed actuation voltages lower than 10 V. RF measurements of the 10 µm-wide actuators yielded an average insertion loss less than 1 dB and isolation higher than 40 dB up to 25 GHz. The developed actuator is well suited for integration in reconfigurable microwave circuits and systems such as reconfigurable antennas and arrays.
Low-voltage small-size double-arm MEMS actuator
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- Author(s): H. Zhao ; Å. Haglund ; P. Westburgh ; S.M. Wang ; J.S. Gustavsson ; M. Sadeghi ; A. Larsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 356 –357
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3657
- Type: Article
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The emission wavelength of a GaInNAs quantum well (QW) laser was adjusted to 1310 nm, the zero dispersion wavelength of optical fibre, by an appropriate choice of QW composition and thickness and N concentration in the barriers. A triple QW design was employed to enable the use of a short cavity with a small photon lifetime while having sufficient differential gain for a large modulation bandwidth. High speed, ridge waveguide lasers fabricated from high quality material grown by molecular beam epitaxy exhibited a damped modulation response with a bandwidth of 13 GHz. - Author(s): F. Toor ; D.L. Sivco ; C.F. Gmachl
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 357 –359
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0228
- Type: Article
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A quantum cascade (QC) laser is presented that is both temporally and wavelength multiplexed, i.e. it emits two widely different wavelengths at two alternate time slots. A bidirectional and multi-wavelength QC laser source that emits at 10.8 µm wavelength for a positive polarity current and 8.6 µm for a negative polarity current was used. A diode based adder circuit was designed to drive the QC laser such that it added two opposite polarity current pulses with a variable time delay. Application of two polarity 100 ns pulse width current pulses at 80 kHz with time delays of 0.5 to 2.5 µs resulted in a versatile time and wavelength multiplexed QC laser. - Author(s): M. Arai ; T. Tadokoro ; T. Fujisawa ; W. Kobayashi ; K. Nakashima ; M. Yuda ; Y. Kondo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 359 –360
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0263
- Type: Article
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The first direct modulation of a 1.3 µm-range metamorphic laser diode on a GaAs substrate has been realised. A 200 µm-long device had threshold currents as low as 5.2 and 11.4 mA at 25 and 85°C, respectively. This laser also achieved 10 Gbit/s direct modulation up to 85°C.
1310 nm GaInNAs triple quantum well laser with 13 GHz modulation bandwidth
Temporal wavelength multiplexing of quantum cascade laser
Uncooled (25–85°C) 10 Gbit/s operation of 1.3 µm-range metamorphic Fabry-Perot laser on GaAs substrate
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- Author(s): H.-W. Liu ; Y.-F. Lv ; W. Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 360 –362
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3555
- Type: Article
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A compact dual-band bandpass filter using trisection hairpin-shape resonators has been designed and fabricated. Measured results are in good agreement with electromagnetic simulation results and verify that two central frequencies of the fabricated filter are located at about 1.57 GHz (GPS application) and 2.40 GHz (WLAN application). The measured return losses in both 1.57 and 2.40 GHz bands are higher than 16 dB while the measured insertion losses are about 1 dB in the two passbands. The circuit size of the proposed filter occupies only 26×26 mm (≃0.22λg×0.22λg). - Author(s): X. Yi and R.A. Minasian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 362 –363
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0140
- Type: Article
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A new microwave photonic filter that solves the problem of realising a single bandpass RF response is presented. The filter is based on using phase modulation together with a pair of gratings, and eliminates the baseband response and periodic spectral response of typical FIR filters. Experimental results demonstrate a single passband square-type bandpass filter response, and operation to high frequencies.
Compact dual-band bandpass filter using trisection hairpin resonator for GPS and WLAN applications
Microwave photonic filter with single bandpass response
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- Author(s): Z. Jiao and X. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 363 –364
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2665
- Type: Article
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A low-cost continuous-wave supercontinuum source is demonstrated with optical spectral coverage from less than 1200 to more than 2000 nm, using low-cost multimode 975 nm pump lasers. The laser consists mainly of highly nonlinear fibre, Yb/Er doped fibre and 975 nm pump lasers.
Low-cost continuous-wave supercontinuum generation using multimode 975 nm pump lasers
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- Author(s): Y.-Y. Won ; H.-S. Kim ; S.-K. Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 365 –366
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2088
- Type: Article
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A new architecture for a millimetre-wave band radio-over-fibre system is proposed. Both optical carrier suppression and injection locking effect are used to simultaneously generate a 1.25 Gbit/s wired signal and a 63 GHz wireless one. Error-free transmissions (bit error rate of 10−11) of downlink and uplink data are achieved to verify the proposed scheme. No impact of a downlink data transmission on an uplink one owing to the wavelength reuse is observed. It is checked that there is only the 2 dB power penalty of the uplink owing to the Rayleigh backscattering noise. - Author(s): P. Westbergh ; J.S. Gustavsson ; Å. Haglund ; A. Larsson ; F. Hopfer ; G. Fiol ; D. Bimberg ; A. Joel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 366 –368
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0201
- Type: Article
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Error free transmission over multimode fibre at data rates up to 32 Gbit/s at 25°C and 25 Gbit/s at 85°C using an oxide confined 850 nm VCSEL biased at a current density of 11–14 kA/cm2 is demonstrated. The VCSEL is optimised for high-speed by reducing capacitance and self-heating and by using strained InGaAs quantum wells for high differential gain. - Author(s): M. Nakamura ; Y. Kamio ; T. Miyazaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 368 –369
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3042
- Type: Article
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Linewidth-tolerant 8-ary phase-shift keying (8-PSK) self-homodyne modulation/demodulation at symbol rates of 10 Gsymbol/s (30 Gbit/s) and 1 Gsymbol/s (3 Gbit/s) using a distributed-feedback laser diode with a linewidth of 30 MHz and a single modulator is experimentally demonstrated. Owing to the phase-noise cancelling capability of the self-homodyne scheme based on a polarisation-multiplexed pilot-carrier, a floorless bit error rate performance of <10−9 was achieved; this value was obtained even for the symbol rate of 1 Gsymbol/s, at which the required linewidth condition is stringent. Furthermore, the tolerances against differential group delays and dispersion at the symbol rate of 10 Gsymbol/s have been evaluated.
1.25 Gbit/s millimetre-wave band wired/wireless radio-over-fibre system based on RSOA using injection-locking effect
32 Gbit/s multimode fibre transmission using high-speed, low current density 850 nm VCSEL
Linewidth-tolerant 30 Gbit/s 8-PSK self-homodyne using single modulator and phase-noise cancelling technique
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- Author(s): T. Yanagawa ; O. Tadanaga ; Y. Nishida ; K. Magari ; M. Asobe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 369 –371
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0489
- Type: Article
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There are many strong absorption lines of environmental gases in the mid-infrared region in atmospheric air, including those of greenhouse effect gases. Reported is difference frequency generation in a direct-bonded periodically poled LiNbO3 ridge waveguide in the 4.6 µm band, which is the most appropriate wavelength range for observing carbon monoxide absorption spectra. It is also shown that isotopologue absorption lines can be detected using the output light generated in a waveguide with mature telecommunication band laser diode light sources. The direct-bonded ridge waveguide consisted of a 50 mm-long chip and its wavelength conversion efficiency was approximately 4%/W. - Author(s): H.-Y. Tu ; J.-S. Chiang ; J.-W. Chou ; C.-J. Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 371 –373
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3263
- Type: Article
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A novel full-phase digital holographic encryption scheme with double random key masks, which are performed by electrically addressed liquid-crystal spatial light modulators for optical processing, is demonstrated. Phase-shifting digital holography is employed to generate the key holograms derived from the double key masks for implementing the encryption and decryption. The experimental results show the feasibility of the full-phase encryption scheme with computer-programmable key masks for securing data via online processing.
4.6 µm-band difference frequency generation and CO isotopologue detection
Online full-phase digital holographic encryption based on electrically addressed spatial light modulators
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- Author(s): H.S. Kim ; S.-M. Kang ; K.-J. Park ; C.-W. Baek ; J.-S. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 373 –374
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2477
- Type: Article
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Presented is a novel power management circuit for wireless sensor nodes that senses and processes a signal, and transmits an RF signal using scavenged energy without battery assistance. Experimental results show that with a single charging, it is possible for the sensor node to be activated by a wakeup pulse and deactivate itself after transmission of the RF signal to a receiver at a distance of 20 m every 5 min for 8 h without external power. - Author(s): T. Salter ; K. Choi ; M. Peckerar ; G. Metze ; N. Goldsman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 374 –376
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0153
- Type: Article
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An RF energy scavenging circuit implementing a power matched Villard voltage doubler followed by a switched capacitor DC-DC converter for scavenging ultra-low RF power levels (<−20 dBm) is presented. Measurement results for the circuit, fabricated in a 130 nm CMOS process, show that 1V can be generated across a 5 MΩ load from as little as −25.5 dBm of input RF energy at 2.2 GHz. This represents a 9.5 dB improvement, over the measured sensitivity of our RF energy scavenging circuit without the use of a switched capacitor DC-DC converter stage.
Power management circuit for wireless ubiquitous sensor nodes powered by scavenged energy
RF energy scavenging system utilising switched capacitor DC-DC converter
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- Author(s): H.F. Sun ; A.R. Alt ; H. Benedickter ; C.R. Bolognesi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 376 –377
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0074
- Type: Article
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The realisation of 0.1 µm gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors grown on high-resistivity silicon substrates is reported. A maximum current density of 750 mA/mm and an extrinsic transconductance of 225 mS/mm are achieved. The devices feature a record current gain cutoff frequency as high as fT=90 GHz, the highest value ever reported from a GaN-based device grown on a silicon substrate. The results demonstrate the great potential of GaN-on-silicon technology for low-cost millimetre-wave applications. - Author(s): S. Benderli and T.A. Wey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 377 –379
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3511
- Type: Article
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A SPICE macromodel is described which simulates the electrical behaviour of the recently discovered thin-film titanium dioxide (TiO2) memristors. The macromodel allows for fast simulation of circuits that include memristors. The accuracy of the macromodel is demonstrated by comparison with the theoretical behaviour. - Author(s): Y. Niiyama ; H. Kambayashi ; S. Ootomo ; T. Nomura ; S. Kato ; T.P. Chow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 379 –380
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2851
- Type: Article
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A GaN reduced surface field (RESURF) metal oxide semiconductor (MOSFET) on a sapphire substrate is fabricated. The n−-type RESURF zone was formed by a Si ion implantation technique. The n+- and n−-type GaN was activated at 1260°C for 30 s in ambient Ar. The sheet carrier densities (activation ratio) of n+- and n−-GaN were ∼3.0×1015 (∼100%) and 1.1×1012 cm−2 (1.8%), respectively. As a result, more than 1500 V and 2 A operation of the GaN RESURF MOSFETs is achieved with a channel length of 4 µm, a channel width of 150 mm, and the RESURF length of 20 µm.
100 nm gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on silicon with fT=90 GHz
On SPICE macromodelling of TiO2 memristors
Over 1500 V/2 A operation of GaN RESURF-MOSFETs on sapphire substrate
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- Author(s): P.G. Donato ; M.A. Funes ; M.N. Hadad ; D.O. Carrica
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 380 –381
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2923
- Type: Article
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Golay complementary sequences are widely used to detect digital signals immersed in noise. Previous works have dealt not only with the application of sequences but also with their generation and correlation. An optimised Golay correlator which significantly improves calculation efficiency is presented.
Optimised Golay correlator
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- Author(s): I. Saratxaga ; I. Hernáez ; D. Erro ; E. Navas ; J. Sánchez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 7, p. 381 –383
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3328
- Type: Article
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A novel representation of the phase information in harmonic speech models is proposed. A transformation from instantaneous phases to initial phase shift differences with respect to the fundamental frequency provides a clear insight into the structure of the phase information and largely simplifies the manipulation of this information.
Simple representation of signal phase for harmonic speech models
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