Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 6, 12 March 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 6
12 March 2009
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- Author(s): J. Liu ; H. Liao ; R. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 289 –290
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3150
- Type: Article
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An ultra-low power wideband CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) fabricated in TSMC 0.18 µm RF CMOS process for sub 1 GHz applications is presented. The capacitive cross-coupled LNA with forward-body-bias (FBB) technique is adopted to achieve wideband input impedance matching and low power, low noise factor. The LNA is tested in the frequency range of 400–900 MHz, and exhibits a voltage gain of 18.5–20.7 dB, and a noise figure of 2.95 dB, drawing only 0.385 mW from 0.5 V power supply.
0.5 V ultra-low power wideband LNA with forward body bias technique
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- Author(s): Y.-F. Lin ; H.-M. Chen ; S.-C. Pan ; Y.-C. Kao ; C.-Y. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 290 –292
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3569
- Type: Article
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A novel single-layer, proximity-fed technique for a slot-coupled circularly polarised square patch antenna operated in the ultra-high frequency band is presented. In the proposed design a pair of radiating square patches with a cross-slot and a microstrip feed line are both etched on the top of a microwave substrate, and a coupling arrow-shaped slot is etched on the bottom of this substrate. Simulated and measured results indicate that the proposed structure can achieve circular polarisation operation. Proper adjustment of the feed coupling gap distance between the patch and the feed line results in good impedance matching and circularly polarised radiation, and an impedance bandwidth (VSWR≤2) of about 3.74% and a 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of about 1.62% were obtained. - Author(s): Y. Du ; J.C. Shi ; Z.Y. Li ; J.A. Kong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 292 –293
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2543
- Type: Article
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A new algorithm for analysing electromagnetic (EM) scattering from randomly rough surfaces is presented. This algorithm combines the stochastic second-degree iterative method with the sparse matrix algorithm to achieve high computational efficiency, and further uses the Chebyshev approximation to replace the Taylor expansion for the weak interaction between two points beyond mutual neighbourhoods. A numerical example demonstrates the suitability of the proposed method for rough surfaces with rms height larger than three wavelengths. - Author(s): H. Liu ; K.L. Ford ; R.J. Langley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 294 –295
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3369
- Type: Article
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A miniaturised artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) using lumped capacitors is introduced. Simulated reflection phase data is presented, which proposes a unit cell periodicity of λ/49, with a ±90° bandwidth of 10%. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented, which show that the miniaturised AMC provides <−10 dB return loss at resonance and 10 dB of back radiation reduction. - Author(s): S. Tanaka ; M. Nagatoshi ; Y. Kim ; H. Morishita ; S. Horiuchi ; S. Narieda ; Y. Atsumi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 295 –297
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3399
- Type: Article
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Bow-tie antennas with folded elements are investigated. Simulations and measurements show that the lowest operation frequency (VSWR≤2) is lowered by the addition of the folded elements. This means that antenna area can be reduced by 49% (with one folded element) and 71% (with two folded elements), if the lowest operation frequency is not changed. - Author(s): W.K. Park ; S.S. Oh ; S.Y. Kang ; P. Roblin ; H.D. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 297 –298
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0210
- Type: Article
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A waveguide probe with size-reduced aperture for near-field measurements is proposed. The open-ended waveguide loads the split ring resonator array. The low return loss, high efficiency, and length extension have been achieved by optimising the ring arrangement as well as adopting a double-ridged waveguide and inserting a dielectric material. The proposed probe produces 70% aperture reduction in comparison to conventionally designed probes. The return loss, radiation pattern and gain from the simulation and measurement show good results.
Adjustable axial ratio of single-layer circularly polarised patch antenna for portable RFID reader
Analysing EM scattering from randomly rough surfaces using stochastic second-degree iterative method, sparse matrix algorithm and Chebyshev approximation
Miniaturised artificial magnetic conductor design using lumped reactive components
Miniaturised wideband folded bow-tie antenna
Waveguide probe with size-reduced aperture using split-ring resonator array for near-field measurements
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- Author(s): R.L. Hughes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 298 –300
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3082
- Type: Article
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A method is presented for minimising gradient field interference on the electrocardiogram (ECG) of a patient undergoing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A two lead ECG amplifier uses a single slew-rate limiter in the main signal path, this path providing the ECG signal plus slew-rate limited gradient interference from the scanner. A secondary signal path, also containing a slew-rate limiter, is derived from the main path and provides only slew-rate limited gradient interference. This signal can then be subtracted from the main path to cancel the original interference. This simple arrangement operates in real-time, needs no control signals from the scanner and has been successfully employed in a clinical environment.
Dual slew-rate limiting for reducing gradient field interference in cardiac gated magnetic resonance imaging
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- Author(s): Y.-J. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 300 –302
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3733
- Type: Article
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A leakage suppressed ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) cell design is introduced, in which ‘don't care’ information is used to minimise the leakage power dissipated in the prefix CAM. The measurements based on 90 nm process technology show that without any performance penalty the design can deliver a leakage power reduction of 18%. - Author(s): Y. Wang and G.C. Temes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 302 –303
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0077
- Type: Article
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The noise-coupling technique successfully used in discrete-time delta-sigma analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) is extended to the realisation of continuous-time delta-sigma ADCs, resulting in improved quantisation noise shaping. To verify the proposed design methodology, a second-order continuous-time delta-sigma modulator with noise coupling is designed and simulated.
90 nm TCAM cell design with leakage suppression technique
Noise-coupled continuous-time delta-sigma ADCs
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- Author(s): Y. Jiang ; C. Tang ; B. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 303 –305
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0048
- Type: Article
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A spectrum-flattened two-stage amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) fibre source is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The source is structured by an erbium-doped fibre simultaneously pumped by a 980 nm laser and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) source. In the wavelength range of 1526–1563 nm, a spectrum ripple of ±0.5 dB and an average power density of −14 dBm/0.1 nm are achieved.
SOA-pumped erbium-doped ASE fibre source with flattened spectrum and high power density
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- Author(s): K.-J. Oh ; S. Yea ; A. Vetro ; Y.-S. Ho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 305 –306
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3182
- Type: Article
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Depth images represent the distances of scene elements from a camera in 3D space; their efficient coding is crucial for emerging applications such as free-viewpoint TV and 3D video. An in-loop reconstruction filter that improves the depth-coding performance as well as the rendering quality of virtual views based upon the coded depth is proposed. - Author(s): M.A. Ferrer ; A. Morales ; L. Ortega
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 306 –308
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0136
- Type: Article
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A quick and simple personal identification scheme based on the infrared image of the hand dorsum is presented. The process produces a template that is obtained by filtering an extended infrared hand dorsum image with a Gabor filter. Therefore, it includes vascular and geometrical information of the hand. A matcher based on Hamming distance decides to accept or reject the user. The scheme was tested on an operational database of 150 users and resulted in an averaged equal error rate of 1.43%. - Author(s): R. Song and J. Szymanski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 308 –310
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2954
- Type: Article
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A method to enhance the recognition of spatially distributed features, based on the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), is reported. The key idea is to modify the way in which the selection of a set of contender interest points from each input image is carried out, using a non-maximal suppression approach in the different scale spaces.
Depth reconstruction filter for depth coding
Infrared hand dorsum images for identification
Well-distributed SIFT features
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- Author(s): G. Klatt ; M. Nagel ; T. Dekorsy ; A. Bartels
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 310 –311
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3249
- Type: Article
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High-speed asynchronous optical sampling is used for the rapid and precise determination of transmission resonances of terahertz surface sensors based on asymmetric double split ring resonator arrays. The sensor response represented by a characteristic resonant frequency is determined to 0.66113 THz with an accuracy of ±325 MHz within 2 seconds of read-out time.
Rapid and precise read-out of terahertz sensor by high-speed asynchronous optical sampling
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- Author(s): K.-M. Kim ; J.-H. Kim ; Y.-S. Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 311 –313
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3744
- Type: Article
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Noble micromachined integrated spiral inductors on anodised aluminium substrate are presented. The RF characteristics of the fabricated inductors have been measured. A high peak Q-factor of 82.36 at 4.2 GHz has been achieved with inductance of 2.59 nH (at 2 GHz) and a self-resonant frequency of around 10 GHz. This work demonstrates that an integrated passive device on anodised aluminium substrate has a competitive RF performance compared to that of LTCC technology.
Micromachined bridge-shaped spiral inductor on anodised aluminium substrate
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- Author(s): A. Albores-Mejia ; K.A. Williams ; T. de Vries ; E. Smalbrugge ; Y.S. Oei ; M.K. Smit ; R. Nötzel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 313 –314
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3562
- Type: Article
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A highly compact quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier based crossbar switch is proposed, fabricated and demonstrated at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Power penalty measurements at 10 Gbit/s show minimal path dependence with values of 0.15 to 0.25 dB and an extinction ratio of 24 dB.
Integrated 2×2 quantum dot optical crossbar switch in 1.55 µm wavelength range
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- Author(s): Q.-F. Wei ; Z.-F. Li ; L.-S. Wu ; W.-Y. Yin ; J.-F. Mao ; L. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 314 –316
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3723
- Type: Article
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Using standard low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology, a novel fourth-order cross-coupled circular cavity filter is proposed, where multilayer substrate integrated waveguides are implemented. In particular, one slot is introduced on the metal surface of one filter, which can suppress the spurious mode in the filter cavities effectively. Good agreement is obtained between the simulated and measured S-parameters of the proposed new structure. - Author(s): F. Aznar ; A. Vélez ; J. Bonache ; J. Menés ; F. Martín
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 316 –317
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2854
- Type: Article
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It is shown that open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) are useful particles for the design of lowpass filters with very narrow transition bands in microstrip technology. Owing to the small electrical size of OCSRRs, the filters are also very small. These filters are implemented by cascading several OCSRR stages in a microstrip line. The OCSRR stages can be modelled as parallel resonators in series configuration, thus providing a transmission zero at their resonance frequency. By designing the OCSRRs with small inductance and high capacitance, very sharp cutoffs are achieved. To illustrate the possibilities of the approach, a prototype device example is provided. It consists on a five-stage periodic microstrip lowpass filter with 3 dB insertion losses at 1.33 GHz and 40 dB rejection at 1.45 GHz. To improve out-of-band rejection, four additional OCSRR stages tuned at the spurious frequency band have been cascaded. Filter dimensions are 39×7.4 mm (i.e. 0.46λ× 0.087λ, where λ is the guided wavelength at the cutoff frequency). These filters are of interest in applications where small size and severe cutoff requirements are required.
Compact cross-coupled circular cavity filters using multilayer substrate integrated waveguide
Compact lowpass filters with very sharp transition bands based on open complementary split ring resonators
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- Author(s): H.A. Suraweera ; D.S. Michalopoulos ; G.K. Karagiannidis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 317 –319
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3089
- Type: Article
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The performance of the dual-hop semi-blind amplify-and-forward relay channel, where the intermediate relay node is selected depending on the instantaneous and partial channel knowledge, is investigated. Using closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), outage probability, SNR moments and average bit error rate are derived.
Semi-blind amplify-and-forward with partial relay selection
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- Author(s): G. Aniba and S. Aïssa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 319 –321
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3656
- Type: Article
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Evaluation of the bit error rate for general M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) in Nakagami-m fading channels is presented. The analysis considers real values of the Nakagami fading parameter m, and bit-to-symbol mapping that is not necessarily Gray. Analytical and simulation results are compared to illustrate the accuracy of the analysis, taking as examples non-Gray mapped 16-QAM and 32-cross-QAM constellations.
BER evaluation for general QAM in Nakagami-m fading channels
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- Author(s): N. Johnson ; S.M. Nissanka ; T. Nakamura ; M. Eberhard ; A. Maruta ; K. Blow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 321 –322
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0428
- Type: Article
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The dibit recovery of a differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) signal is demonstrated using a single Mach-Zehnder interferometer, containing a 1-bit delay, and a single balanced receiver. The electrical output levels of the balanced receiver are dependent upon the relative phase delay between the arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This characteristic is investigated, when the input signal is DQPSK modulated. It is also shown that with a certain amount of phase shift, the DQPSK signal can be converted into four different equally spaced electrical signal levels, with each decoded level representing one of the four possible dibits.
Simultaneous dibit recovery of DQPSK signal using a single Mach-Zehnder interferometer
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- Author(s): D.C. Byrne ; W.H. Guo ; Q.Y. Lu ; J.F. Donegan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 322 –324
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3292
- Type: Article
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Below bandgap light from a broadband source is injected into a laser and the reflection spectrum is recorded with an optical spectrum analyser. The optical waveguide loss is determined based on a Fourier series expansion. The finite resolution bandwidth of the optical spectrum analyser can be accounted for by use of a deconvolution process. - Author(s): F. Cao ; Y. Wang ; D. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 324 –326
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3717
- Type: Article
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Tantalum-doped ZnO transparent conductive films are deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency sputtering at 300°C. The influence of O2/Ar ratio on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the as-deposited films is investigated. The lowest resistivity of 4.1×10−4 Ωcm is obtained from the film prepared at the O2/Ar ratio of 1/12. The average optical transmittance of the films is over 90%. - Author(s): L. Wei ; E. Khomtchenko ; T.T. Alkeskjold ; A. Bjarklev
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 326 –327
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3609
- Type: Article
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Thick photoresist coating for electrode patterning in an anisotropically etched V-groove is investigated for electrically controlled liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibre devices. The photoresist step coverage at the convex corners is compared with and without soft baking after photoresist spin coating. Two-step UV exposure is applied to achieve a complete exposure for the thick photoresist layer at the bottom of the V-groove, and minimise the reduction in resolution and image distortion. The resolution reduction of the different open window width for electrode pattern transfer is also experimentally found. - Author(s): C.H. Yeh ; C.W. Chow ; C.H. Wang ; F.Y. Shih ; Y.F. Wu ; S. Chi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 327 –329
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3365
- Type: Article
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Proposed and experimentally investigated is an all-optical wavelength converter using a multi-quantum-well multi-longitudinal-mode Fabry-Perot laser diode without any external probe beam or external built-in cavity. The input wavelength can be converted at 2.5 Gbit/s by the converter and the power penalty of 3.5 dB is observed at a bit error rate of 10−9. The proposed converter apparatus is simple and cost-effective for wavelength division multiplexing network applications.
Broadband reflection method to measure waveguide loss
Influence of O2/Ar ratio on properties of transparent conductive tantalum-doped ZnO films
Photolithography of thick photoresist coating for electrically controlled liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibre devices
Using multimode Fabry-Perot laser without external-injection for wavelength conversion
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- Author(s): X.M. Sun ; H. Zhang ; H. Zhu ; P. Xu ; G.R. Li ; J. Liu ; H.Z. Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 329 –331
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0033
- Type: Article
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The characteristics of a resonant cavity-enhanced InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dot n–i–n photodiode with only a bottom distributed Bragg reflector used as the cavity mirror, are reported. To suppress the dark current, an AlAs layer is inserted into the device structure as the blocking layer. It turns out that the structure still possesses the resonant coupling nature, and makes Rabi splitting discernible in the photoluminescence spectra. The measured responsivity spectrum of the photocurrent shows a peak at λ=1030 nm, and increases rapidly as the bias voltage increases. A peak responsivity of 0.75 A/W, or equivalently an external quantum efficiency of 90.3%, is obtained at Vbias=−1.4 V.
High responsivity resonant-cavity-enhanced InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dot photodetector for wavelength of ∼1 µm at room temperature
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- Author(s): A. Hirose ; S. Hamada ; R. Yamaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 331 –332
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2761
- Type: Article
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Proposed is an active near-field shape extraction method in millimetre-wave band, namely the envelope phase detection method, where the envelope phase of the amplitude-modulated wave to obtain a three-dimensional shape through phase unwrapping is observed. Distance-to-phase sensitivity appropriate to an objective target size by adjusting the modulation frequency can be chosen. Simultaneously the rectilinear propagation nature of millimetre-wave can be preserved, and there is no need for aperture synthesis, which leads to reduction of calculation time. Harmful glare, which sometimes occurs in active millimetre imaging, is mitigated so effectively that the shape of an object appears more clearly. In addition, the simple receiver construction is compatible with array receiver antennas and parallel processing for real-time imaging.
Envelope phase detection for millimetre-wave active imaging
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- Author(s): G. Jerônimo da Silva and R.M. Campello de Souza
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 332 –334
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3216
- Type: Article
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A new perfect reconstruction condition for two-channel biorthogonal cyclic filter banks over fields of characteristic two is introduced, from which a technique for designing such filter banks is described. The result is based on a new transform, the cyclic Z-transform over a finite field. - Author(s): B. Majhi ; G. Panda ; B. Mulgrew
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 334 –335
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2582
- Type: Article
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A new robust Wilcoxon least mean square (WLMS) algorithm using the Wilcoxon norm as the cost function is developed. Simulation results on identification of all-zero plants using WLMS with outliers present in the training signal clearly demonstrate superior performance over the conventional LMS-algorithm-based approach.
Design method for two-channel cyclic filter banks over fields of characteristic two
Robust identification using new Wilcoxon least mean square algorithm
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- Author(s): T. Thiruvaran ; M. Nosratighods ; E. Ambikairajah ; J. Epps
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 335 –337
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0170
- Type: Article
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Recently, subband frame-averaged frequency modulation (FM) as a complementary feature to amplitude-based features for several speech based classification problems including speaker recognition has shown promise. One problem with using FM extraction in practical implementations is computational complexity. Proposed is a computationally efficient method to estimate the frame-averaged FM component in a novel manner, using zero crossing counts and the zero crossing counts of the differentiated signal. FM components, extracted from subband speech signals using the proposed method, form a feature vector. Speaker recognition experiments conducted on the NIST 2008 telephone database show that the proposed method successfully augments mel frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) to improve performance, obtaining 17% relative reductions in equal error rates when compared with an MFCC-based system.
Computationally efficient frame-averaged FM feature extraction for speaker recognition
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- Author(s): T.-L. Li ; Z. Wu ; H. Hu ; L. Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 6, p. 337 –338
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3129
- Type: Article
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A novel microsensor based on a surface acoustic wave is reported, which is to measure pressure and temperature simultaneously. The kernel structure and design theory of this sensor with a single sensing unit are introduced. The excellent agreement between the pressure and temperature results measured by the sensor and the direct measurement data is presented.
Pressure and temperature microsensor based on surface acoustic wave
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