Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 16, 30 July 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 16
30 July 2009
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- Author(s): D. Biolek and V. Biolkova
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 807 –808
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0575
- Type: Article
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A simple first-order current-mode allpass filter employing a Z-copy current inverter transconductance amplifier (ZC-CITA) and one grounded capacitor is presented. The natural frequency of the filter can be simply controlled by the transconductance of the CITA. On-chip experiments confirm the design assumptions. - Author(s): K. Kishine ; H. Inaba ; Ma. Nakamura ; Mi. Nakamura ; Y. Ohtomo ; H. Onodera
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 808 –809
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0717
- Type: Article
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A low-jitter design method based on ωn-domain jitter analysis for the clock and data recovery (CDR) ICs using the linear phase-locked loop (PLL) is proposed. Using this method, the loop parameters of the PLL can be optimised, which makes it possible to design the CDR IC for various targets. - Author(s): R. Assaad and J. Silva-Martinez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 809 –811
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0500
- Type: Article
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A modified CMFB circuit is presented that reinstates the use of direct opamp auto-zeroing offset cancellation techniques in low voltage applications. This approach is particularly useful for high precision sample and hold amplifiers and Nyquist rate ADCs, where the opamp is reset during one of the clock phases. Differential offsets up to 50 mV are effectively reduced as demonstrated by a sample and hold example.
Allpass filter employing one grounded capacitor and one active element
Low-jitter design method based on ωn-domain jitter analysis for 10 Gbit/s clock and data recovery ICs
Optimisation of direct auto-zeroing offset cancellation in low voltage applications using dual level CMFB
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- Author(s): K.G. Thomas and M. Sreenivasan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 811 –813
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1658
- Type: Article
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A low profile printed antenna with triple band operation is presented for simultaneous use in wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The antenna consists of a rectangular radiating element fed asymmetrically by a 50 Ω microstrip line and a shaped trapezoidal ground plane. Rectangular horizontal strips are attached to the radiation element to form different current paths which make the antenna resonate in WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands. The antenna operates in dipole configuration outlining overall dimensions of 38×30×0.8 mm3. - Author(s): J.A. Ruiz-Cruz ; J.R. Montejo-Garai ; J.M. Rebollar ; J.M. Montero
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 813 –814
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1034
- Type: Article
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The design and evaluation of a compact C-band orthomode transducer for dual polarisation satellite communications is presented, covering the bands 3.7–4.2 GHz and 5.925–6.425 GHz (54% of fractional bandwidth separation). Over such a broadband, the main difficulty is to obtain a compact structure able to fulfil the stringent satellite specifications with minimum longitudinal length. The proposed configuration, validated with a tested prototype, also reduces the number of connections and parts in the fabrication, decreasing the passive intermodulation risk and the mass and volume. - Author(s): R. Yahiaoui ; S.N. Burokur ; A. de Lustrac
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 814 –816
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0641
- Type: Article
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The design of a multisource metamaterial-based cavity antenna operating at about 9 GHz is presented. A 2×2 microstrip patch array acting as the multisource embedded in an ultra-thin (λ/22) cavity shows a directivity enhancement of 4.2 dB with regard to a monosource fed cavity antenna (23.2 dB instead of 19 dB). Moreover, the sidelobes of the multisource are considerably decreased in the cavity. - Author(s): S. Baylis ; S. Aguilar ; T. Weller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 816 –818
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0422
- Type: Article
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Patch antennas, being limited in bandwidth, are often modified to either be tunable or to yield extended instantaneous bandwidth. Presented is a fragmented patch antenna (FPA) that offers an easily manufactured solution. The FPA is a rectangular patch antenna divided into three sections with varactor diodes placed across the gaps between the sections. The three sections are designed to produce two tunable resonance frequencies that overlap, thereby creating a wide (63.4%) continuously tunable bandwidth.
Compact triple band antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications
C-band orthomode transducer for compact and broadband antenna feeders
Enhanced directivity of ultra-thin metamaterial-based cavity antenna fed by multisource
Wide bandwidth varactor-tuned patch antenna
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- Author(s): Q.-J. Xiao ; S.-Y. Li ; W.-Y. Chen ; F. Cui ; W.-P. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 818 –819
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0874
- Type: Article
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A novel microgyroscope based on UV-LIGA technology is described, in which the wheel-like rotor is levitated and rotated by the electrostatic forces. A simple fuzzy logic scheme for online tuning of PI (proportional integral) controller parameters to improve system robustness of initial levitation is outlined. Experimental results indicate that, with fuzzy tuning, the overshoot is reduced to 17% compared with 27% of the conventional PI controller. The rise time for the two channels of the four is 3.6 ms and the settle time is nearly 25.6 ms, which shows a quick response time and good steady-state performance. From the experiment of 0.5 g pulse acceleration input, sensitivity along axial direction is 1 V/g when it acts as an accelerometer. - Author(s): H.-S. Ahn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 819 –821
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1477
- Type: Article
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A simple and intuitive heading direction sensor for mobile robot guidance is reported. The sensor consists of a needle-type analogue magnetic compass, image camera, and digital processing module. The image of a magnetic compass is captured by camera and is processed to compute the direction of a mobile robot.
Fuzzy tuning PI control for initial levitation of micromachined electrostatically levitated gyroscope
Vision-based magnetic heading sensor for mobile robot guidance
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- Author(s): K. Prashanthi ; S.P. Duttagupta ; R. Pinto ; V.R. Palkar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 821 –822
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0712
- Type: Article
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Gate dielectric materials having high dielectric constant, low interface state density and good thermal stability are needed for advanced CMOS applications. In this Letter, the electrical properties of novel multiferroic Bi0.7Dy0.3FeO3 (BDFO) thin films deposited using the pulsed laser deposition technique on p-type (100) silicon substrate are reported. Using high frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, the dielectric constant, effective oxide charge density and interface state density were estimated. The results suggest the potential application of multiferroic BDFO films as gate dielectric material for novel memory devices that can be electrically written and magnetically read.
Multiferroic Bi0.7Dy0.3FeO3 films as high k dielectric material for advanced non-volatile memory devices
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- Author(s): G. Khodabandehloo ; M. Mirhassani ; M. Ahmadi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 822 –824
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0063
- Type: Article
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A novel 16-level current-mode DRAM based on the continuous valued number system (CVNS) representation is introduced. The refreshing circuitry of this DRAM is designed using analogue to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analogue converter modules. Each ADC generates two bits of the output simultaneously which decreases the delay time of the ADC module. Error correction codes are used to increase the noise margin by a factor of two. The proposed memory can be used in hardware implementation of CVNS based systems. - Author(s): W. Chen ; M.A. Thornton ; P. Gui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 824 –826
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0823
- Type: Article
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An accumulator-based digital-to-frequency (DFC) converter employing redundant signed binary addition (RSBA) is presented. RSBA is advantageous in that no carry propagation occurs resulting in constant delay regardless of operand word size. Utilising RSBA in the proposed DFC resolves the performance bottleneck in the DFC's conventional implementation and achieves extremely high frequency resolution. In addition, a new RSBA-based 8∶1 multiplexer is introduced for a complete RSBA implementation of the DFC. Experimental results show an increase of more than 3.5 times in the speed of the accumulator compared to the conventional implementation regardless of bit size of the adder. - Author(s): K. Chung and L.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 826 –827
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0245
- Type: Article
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An area-efficient special function unit (SFU) for the evaluation of transcendental functions in mobile vertex processors is presented. In spite of infrequent usage, previous implementation of an SFU occupied significant portion of a shader datapath unit. The proposed SFU reduces the area by 54% by performing quadratic interpolation included in the function evaluation with a shared 4D dot product unit and implementing setup circuitry and a lookup table by dedicated hardware for the SFU. By benchmarking shader programs, the performance/area of a shader datapath unit turns out to be improved by 69%. - Author(s): W. Kim ; H.S. Park ; Y.H. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 827 –829
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1200
- Type: Article
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A simple but effective technique for timing yield enhancement is presented. The proposed technique tunes circuit timing using dual-mode elements, which are special logic gates that can change delay–leakage characteristics at the post-silicon level. In experiments using the ISCAS-85 benchmarks, the proposed technique reduced the timing failure rate by 59.52% on average.
16-level CVNS memory with fast ADC
Redundant signed binary addition based digital-to-frequency converter
Area-efficient special function unit for mobile vertex processors
Post-silicon timing yield enhancement using dual-mode elements
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- Author(s): D.B. Lin ; K.C. Hung ; C.T. Wu ; C.S. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 829 –830
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1133
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a design for a partial uniplanar compact electromagnetic bandgap (UC-EBG) structure, in conjunction with a high-impedance surface (HIS), to suppress simultaneous switching noise (SSN) over the wide frequency range 0.38–15.494 GHz. Different from the conventional methods, which use an EBG plane, the proposed structure uses only two UC-EBGs at the excitation and receiving ports to suppress SSN. This technique can be applied to sensitive circuits to maintain their power integrity. The other region maintains good signal integrity when a signal return path is referenced to an EBG plane.
Partial uniplanar compact electromagnetic bandgap combined with high-impedance surface to suppress simultaneous switching noise
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- Author(s): S.D. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 830 –832
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1526
- Type: Article
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A 4.6 W erbium-doped fluoride fibre laser that operates simultaneously at 2.83 and 1.61 µm is demonstrated. By allowing the 1.5 µm transition to reach threshold, bottlenecking is prevented by radiative decay; a process that will allow further power scaling of the transitions.
High-power erbium cascade fibre laser
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- Author(s): P.-H. Wang ; X.-H. Dai ; X.-L. Zhao ; L.-J. Niu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 832 –833
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1605
- Type: Article
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An electromagnetic self-powered vibration energy scavenger is developed, which can convert low-level vibrational energy into electrical energy. It consists of a magnet–spring system and a two-layer copper coil. The nickel planar spring and the two-layer copper coil are fabricated using UV-LIGA technology and microelectroplating technology. Testing results show that the fabricated vibration energy scavenger can generate a maximum load voltage of 62 mV and a maximum power of 6.4 µW, at an input frequency of 247.5 Hz and an acceleration of 10 m/s2. - Author(s): I. Kašalynas ; D. Seliuta ; R. Simniškis ; V. Tamošiūnas ; K. Köhler ; G. Valušis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 833 –835
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0336
- Type: Article
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A silicon-lens coupled bow-tie InGaAs-based diode with broken symmetry is demonstrated for terahertz imaging applications below 1 THz at room temperature. Transient features and the dynamic range of the bow-tie InGaAs-based sensor are explored experimentally, proving the possibility to use the device in real-time imaging systems. Response time is found to be less than 7 ns, responsivity of 0.1 mA/W, and noise equivalent power of 5.8 nW/√Hz.
Electromagnetic self-powered low-level vibration energy scavenger with microelectroplated nickel resonator
Terahertz imaging with bow-tie InGaAs-based diode with broken symmetry
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- Author(s): J.A. Gupta ; P.J. Barrios ; G.C. Aers ; P. Waldron ; C. Storey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 835 –837
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1717
- Type: Article
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Type-I interband lasers on GaSb were grown by molecular beam epitaxy using 16 nm InGaAsSb compressively-strained quantum wells (QWs) with 30 nm AlInGaAsSb quinary barriers for improved hole confinement. The 3QW active regions were embedded in standard AlGaAsSb waveguides to limit the thickness of quinary material owing to its low growth temperature requirements. In continuous-wave operation, a typical ridge waveguide laser (width 10 µm, length 1214 µm) produced 6 mW total output power at 20°C with a threshold current of 140 mA. The temperature sensitivity of the devices remains a challenge, as evidenced by the dramatically improved performance at 0°C (16 mW total output power, threshold current 74 mA).
Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of type-I GaSb-based lasers at 3.1 µm
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- Author(s): J. Hur ; O. Lee ; K. Kim ; K. Lim ; J. Laskar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 837 –838
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1599
- Type: Article
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To improve power efficiency in a transmitter, a novel method is proposed, this being an uneven multi-level linear amplifier with a nonlinear component (UMLINC). Compared to a normal multi-level LINC (MLINC), the UMLINC employs a new uneven multi-level signal component separator (UMSCS) that significantly improves transmitter efficiency. - Author(s): C.-J. Hwang ; L.B. Lok ; I.G. Thayne ; K. Elgaid
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 838 –840
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0716
- Type: Article
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A parallel coupled-line planar bandpass filter (BPF) with branch-line shape using coplanar waveguide technology on GaAs substrate is presented. The unit parallel coupled-line BPF utilises a parallel coupled-line resonator with an open-ended stub which has suppression response of spurious band. Four unit parallel coupled-line BPFs are integrated with branch-line shape and open-circuit stubs on input and output ports are also integrated for improvement of rejection performance. The proposed fourth-order filter was fabricated on GaAs substrate with dielectric thickness of 50 µm and gold thickness of 1.2 µm. The fabricated fourth-order BPF shows a 3 dB bandwidth from 177 to 209 GHz frequency range with insertion loss of 6.5 dB, rejection of 38 dB and return loss better than 12 dB. It has a high resolution fractional bandwidth of 17% - Author(s): X. Yi ; T.X.H. Huang ; R.A. Minasian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 840 –841
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1535
- Type: Article
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A new microwave photonic filter structure realising fully programmable RF filtering that can tune the filter centre frequency and also reconfigure the filter shape, while exhibiting multiple taps and bipolar taps, is presented. It is based on a new arbitrary spectrum slicing technique using a multi-port programmable wavelength processor, based on liquid crystal on silicon pixels, which offers programmable finite impulse response filtering using software control. Experimental results demonstrate a high-order microwave filter with tunability, reconfigurability, bipolar taps, and with high free spectral range. - Author(s): J. Kim ; K.T. Kornegay ; J. Alvarado ; C.-H. Lee ; J. Laskar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 841 –843
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1128
- Type: Article
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Presented is a monolithic W-band (75–110 GHz) down-conversion mixer consisting of a double-balanced core, Marchand-type on-chip baluns at inputs, and a two-stage output buffer, fabricated in a 200 GHz fT SiGe technology. Including the loss for input baluns, this mixer exhibits conversion gains of 14.4±2.8 dB and single sideband (SSB) noise figures of less than 19.5 dB across the entire W-band, drawing 28 mA from a 3.3 V supply.
Highly efficient uneven multi-level LINC transmitter
Parallel coupled-line bandpass filter with branch-line shape for G-band frequency
Microwave photonic filter with tunability, reconfigurability and bipolar taps
W-band double-balanced down-conversion mixer with Marchand baluns in silicon-germanium technology
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- Author(s): M. Krasicki and P. Szulakiewicz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 843 –845
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1052
- Type: Article
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A novel concept of space-time diversity is developed. It is similar to 2×2 bit-interleaved space-time coded modulation with iterative decoding (BI-STCM-ID), except for labelling maps, which are different for the signals transmitted through particular antenna. In such an approach the so-called waterfall region of BER curves is observed at lower SNRs than for BI-STCM-ID systems. At the same time the proposed ‘boosted’ scheme is characterised by good BER against SNR asymptotic performance, which is proved by the results of Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) Chart analysis, error-free feedback (EF) bounds, and results of the overall system simulation. It is shown that numerous labelling maps can be combined with a Gray one to meet specific requirements. - Author(s): S. Che and S. Tong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 845 –846
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0521
- Type: Article
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A low-complexity low density parity check (LDPC) coded bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) scheme with orthogonal modulations is proposed. With a novel mapping strategy of coded bits to symbols, the proposed scheme is equivalent to a generalised LDPC code with Hadamard constraints and thus orthogonal demodulation can be merged into the iterative LDPC decoding process, resulting in a simpler implementation and a lower computational complexity. - Author(s): H. Liu ; C. Jégo ; E. Boutillon ; J-Ph. Diguet ; M. Jézéquel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 846 –848
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0394
- Type: Article
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An efficient way to reduce the dynamic power dissipation in the turbo decoder is presented. This technique is based on dynamic re-encoding of the received messages. The idea is to decrease the state transition activity of the trellis-based algorithms by replacing the classical direct decoding of the random noisy codewords by an equivalent decoding of almost ‘all zero’ codewords in order to keep the survivor path on the ‘zero path’.
Boosted space-time diversity scheme for wireless communications
Low-complexity LDPC coded BICM-ID with orthogonal modulations
Scarce state transition turbo decoding based on re-encoding combined with dummy insertion
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- Author(s): Y. Ma ; Y. Tang ; W. Shieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 848 –849
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1628
- Type: Article
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The first 107 Gbit/s coherent optical OFDM transmission over optically non-repeated and repeated multimode fibre link is experimentally demonstrated. A record performance of 10 Tb/s·km over multimode fibre has been achieved using centre launching and OFDM equalisation. - Author(s): T. Sakamoto ; T. Yamamoto ; K. Kurokawa ; S. Tomita
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 850 –851
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1420
- Type: Article
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The first DWDM transmission in the O-band over photonic crystal fibre (PCF) by using an optical frequency comb based multicarrier source is realised. Fifteen carriers were generated with a 50 GHz spacing in the O-band by using an optical frequency comb technique and extraction with a Fabry-Perot filter. 10×15 Gbit/s DWDM signals were successfully generated over a 24 km PCF with a low power penalty.
107 Gbit/s transmission over multimode fibre with coherent optical OFDM using centre launching technique
DWDM transmission in O-band over 24 km PCF using optical frequency comb based multicarrier source
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- Author(s): K. Huska ; G. Klatt ; J. Hetterich ; U. Geyer ; T. Dekorsy ; G. Bastian ; U. Lemmer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 851 –853
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1648
- Type: Article
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Interference-lithography and a self-aligning angle-evaporation technique are employed to fabricate interdigitated photoconductive terahertz (THz) emitters. The devices have a large active area for high directivity and submicron spaced electrodes for high internal electric fields at low bias voltages. The fabrication process offers the advantage that only one patterning step is needed to generate three isolated metallic structures. This avoids critical alignment and reduces the fabrication effort significantly. Voltage dependent THz emission is observed from 4 V upwards.
Large-area sub-micron gap interdigitated THz emitters fabricated by interference lithography and angle evaporation
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- Author(s): W.H. Li ; W.C. Li ; X.N. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 853 –854
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1018
- Type: Article
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An isolated interleaved buck type converter is derived by adding a third winding of the coupled inductor to each phase of the interleaved flyback converter. The existing switches of the derived flyback-buck converter can serve as clamp switches to absorb leakage energy and to limit voltage stress on the switches. Only two switches are employed in the proposed converter instead of four switches in the conventional active clamp interleaved flyback converter. Experimental results verified the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the presented converter.
Isolated interleaved flyback-buck converter with inherent clamp scheme
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- Author(s): C.H. Tu ; S.Y. Chen ; A.E. Chuang ; H.S. Huang ; Z.W. Jhou ; C.J. Chang ; S. Chou ; J. Ko
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 854 –856
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0678
- Type: Article
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An investigation is conducted of mismatching properties after channel hot carrier (CHC) and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) stress is observed using pMOSFETs of various device sizes from 90 nm CMOS technology. The purpose of this study is to analyse the mismatching of transistor pairs after the foregoing reliability tests. Degradations of the pMOSFETs are extracted by measuring variations of Vtlin and Idsat before and after stress. The experiments show that CHC mode is more serious than that of NBTI mode. The probable mechanism of the transistor mismatches is due to the random generation traps in the gate dielectric (SiON) and at the interface between SiON/Si-bulk. Furthermore, the results suggest that CHC involves the integration of HC and NBTI effects induced transistor mismatches, particularly for small size devices.
Transistor variability after CHC and NBTI stress in 90 nm pMOSFET technology
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- Author(s): T.K.C. Lo and H.C. So
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 856 –858
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1260
- Type: Article
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Tangible acoustic interface (TAI), the key concept of which is to convert any touchable objects into natural interactive surfaces, is an innovative and exciting idea in human–computer interaction. A key challenge for its development is to accurately locate the tactile interactions. In this reported work, the Cramér-Rao lower bound is utilised to study the theoretical limits of impact localisation using the hyperbolic positioning approach in TAI applications. - Author(s): A. Ijaz ; A.B. Awoseyila ; B.G. Evans
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 16, p. 858 –859
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1759
- Type: Article
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A novel non-data-aided SNR estimation technique for BPSK and QPSK modulations in complex additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is proposed. It uses the constant amplitude property of in-phase and quadrature components of these modulations to achieve an improved performance. Its complexity is shown to be lower while its accuracy supersedes the popular moments-based estimator, approaching closely to the Cramer-Rao lower bound.
Theoretical study of impact localisation limits in tangible acoustic interface applications
Improved SNR estimation for BPSK and QPSK signals
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Extreme multistability in a memristive circuit
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