Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 42, Issue 3, 2 February 2006
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Volume 42, Issue 3
2 February 2006
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- Author(s): C.A. De La Cruz-Blas ; A.J. López-Martín ; J. Ramirez-Angulo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 127 –128
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063667
- Type: Article
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A novel implementation of a rail-to-rail exponential voltage to voltage converter is presented. It is based on a pseudo-exponential approximation that is easily achieved by the nonlinear currents of a class-AB transconductor. Measurement results for a 0.5 µm CMOS technology show a 52 dB output voltage range with linearity error less than ±2 dB using a dual supply voltage of ±750 mV. The power dissipation is less than 40 µW. - Author(s): J. Bauwelinck ; P. Ossieur ; X.Z. Qiu ; J. Vandewege
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 128 –130
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064100
- Type: Article
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A high-speed active-input cascode current mirror is presented. The proposed configuration combines a high output impedance with the high-frequency performance of a source- or emitter-driven active-input topology. Simulation results in a 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS are presented to demonstrate the validation of the proposed current mirror. A much higher (about 30 to 40 times) output impedance is achieved, with no degradation in the high-frequency behaviour compared to conventional emitter-driven active-input current mirrors, without increasing the power consumption. The proposed configuration can be applied to both bipolar and CMOS technology.
Compact power-efficient class-AB CMOS exponential voltage to voltage converter
High-speed active-input cascode current mirror
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- Author(s): K. Wincza ; S. Gruszczynski ; K. Sachse
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 130 –131
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063951
- Type: Article
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A new stripline-fed aperture coupled antenna element is proposed. An additional slot in a ground plane allows achievement of efficient electromagnetic coupling with the radiating element and good return loss of the antenna fed by a stripline. The described radiating elements can be easily integrated with a feeding network designed in the most commonly used stripline technique when a large antenna array is to be developed. - Author(s): J.A. Rodríguez ; A. Trastoy ; J.C. Brégains ; F. Ares ; G. Franceschetti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 131 –133
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063674
- Type: Article
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An innovative method for linear arrays beam reconfiguration is presented. This pattern reconfigurability is achieved by a mechanical displacement of a parasitic array located in front of an active one. Two worked examples that use parallel dipoles are presented. - Author(s): H. Fayad and P. Record
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 133 –134
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063633
- Type: Article
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A new class of reconfigurable antenna based on monopole structures containing liquid dielectrics is presented. It was determined that the operating principle of this class of antenna is essentially that of a dielectric resonator, where salt (in solution) modifies the dielectric properties. The resonator column height determined the operating frequency, allowing match and frequency of operation to be fully tunable over 1–2.5 GHz while salinity mainly influences the bandwidth. - Author(s): T.A. Denidni and M.A. Habib
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 135 –136
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063988
- Type: Article
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A broadband printed CPW-fed circular slot antenna is proposed. This antenna is composed of a circular slot fed with a 50 Ω CPW line through a circular patch. A parametric study was carried out to optimise the proposed structure, and the simulated and measured results show that the proposed design offers an ultra-wide bandwidth of 143.2% (from 2.3 to 13.9 GHz). - Author(s): C.W. Yuan ; Q.X. Liu ; H.H. Zhong ; B.L. Qian ; Z.Q. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 136 –137
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063673
- Type: Article
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A novel mode converter that transforms coaxial transverse electromagnetic mode into circularly polarised coaxial TE11 mode is proposed by inserting several metal plates into the coaxial waveguide. A circularly polarised mode-converting antenna with length of 36 cm and aperture diameter of 30.8 cm is designed by combining the mode converter with a special conical horn. The antenna has a gain of 19.2 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 50% and an axial ratio of 1.2 at 4 GHz. Measured results agree well with the simulated ones. - Author(s): R. Chair ; A.A. Kishk ; K.F. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 137 –139
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063987
- Type: Article
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A wideband perforated dielectric resonator antenna (PDRA) is presented. The effective permittivity of the dielectric resonator is altered by drilling holes into a circular ring lattice inside the DRA. The PDRA is equivalent of having an annular ring with lower permittivity outside the cylindrical disk, resulting in enhanced impedance bandwidth. The measured bandwidth of a prototype PDRA with relative permittivity 10.2 is 26.7% (S11<−10 dB). - Author(s): J.-S. Row and S.-W. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 139 –140
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063989
- Type: Article
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The design of a wideband patch antenna with monopole-like conical radiation patterns is presented. The antenna has a square patch that is shorted to the ground plane through two shorting walls and is excited by a top-loaded coaxial feed centred below the square patch. Several prototypes with various antenna heights are implemented and measured. A prototype with impedance bandwidth of about 50% is achieved when its height is less than 0.09 free-space wavelengths. - Author(s): R.B. Waterhouse and D. Novak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 141 –142
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063905
- Type: Article
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Applied is a folding procedure to the conductor of a wideband triangular/flared printed monopole to yield an electrically smaller radiator that does not significantly compromise the gain or the return loss bandwidth of the antenna. The technique is useful for applications where the volume for the radiator is constrained. A theoretical and experimental investigation of the antenna is given. - Author(s): A. Tronquo ; H. Rogier ; C. Hertleer ; L. Van Langenhove
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 142 –143
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064200
- Type: Article
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A single-feed rectangular-ring textile antenna is proposed for wireless body area networks operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The conductive parts of the planar antenna consist of FlecTron®, whereas fleece fabric is used as non-conductive antenna substrate. This results in a highly efficient, flexible and wearable antenna to be integrated in garments. The robustness of the antenna characteristics with respect to bending is proven. - Author(s): J.-P. Zhang ; Y.-S. Xu ; W.-D. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 144 –145
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064073
- Type: Article
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A small planar elliptical dipole antenna designed for ultra-wideband applications is proposed. With trimmed elliptical radiation patches and microstrip-coupled feeding structure, it exhibits excellent broadband behaviours and radiation patterns similar to those of a conventional dipole antenna. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
Aperture coupled to stripline antenna element for integrated antenna arrays
Beam reconfiguration of linear arrays using parasitic elements
Broadband liquid antenna
Broadband printed CPW-fed circular slot antenna
Circularly polarised mode-converting antenna
Experimental investigation for wideband perforated dielectric resonator antenna
Monopolar square patch antennas with wideband operation
Printed folded flared monopole antenna
Robust planar textile antenna for wireless body LANs operating in 2.45 GHz ISM band
Ultra-wideband microstrip-fed planar elliptical dipole antenna
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- Author(s): P. Linderholm ; U. Seger ; P. Renaud
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 145 –147
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063326
- Type: Article
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An analytical solution is presented for the electric field between two facing strip electrodes situated in a microchannel, as frequently used in impedance cytometry applications. The measured change in resistance as induced by a 5 µm bead moving through the microchannel is in good agreement with the model. It is also demonstrated that the centre sensitivity is maximal for an electrode width equal to ∼56% of the channel height. - Author(s): G. Costantini ; M. Carota ; G. Maccioni ; D. Giansanti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 147 –148
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062623
- Type: Article
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A new method to evaluate the ability to rise from a chair by means of the analysis of the sit-to-stand locomotion task is introduced. In particular, the method is based on the frequency analysis of the acceleration measurements supplied by a home-made transducer. - Author(s): M.-R. Tofighi ; U. Kawoos ; S. Neff ; A. Rosen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 148 –150
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063658
- Type: Article
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The feasibility of acquiring intracranial pressure information through the scalp at 2.4 GHz ISM band is demonstrated. A device, including a piezoresistive sensor, an oscillator and a chip antenna, irradiates a pressure dependent microwave signal. With the device covered by a scalp phantom, the detected signal is only about 8–13 dB below the case without the phantom.
Analytical expression for electric field between two facing strip electrodes in microchannel
Classification of sit-to-stand locomotion task based on spectral analysis of waveforms generated by accelerometric transducer
Wireless intracranial pressure monitoring through scalp at microwave frequencies
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- Author(s): N. Safavian ; G.R. Chaji ; A. Nathan ; J.A. Rowlands
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 150 –151
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063604
- Type: Article
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A new current-programmed, current-output active TFT image sensor suitable for real-time X-ray imaging (e.g. fluoroscopy) using hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film-transistor (TFT) technology is introduced. The proposed pixel circuit can successfully compensate for characteristic variations such as mobility and threshold voltage shift in a-Si:H TFTs. Simulation and measurement results show that high on-pixel amplification can be accomplished with this pixel circuit.
Three-TFT image sensor for real-time digital X-ray imaging
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- Author(s): N. Massari and M. Gottardi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 151 –152
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064196
- Type: Article
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A 3.3 V charge-mixer device in a 0.35 µm CMOS process detects the intensity and phase of a modulated signal. A two PMOS pair is used as charge-mixer to exploit the interface-trap charge pump phenomenon. Using clocking between accumulation and inversion, the two transistors perform a voltage-to-charge conversion of the input signal and transfer this charge to the two outputs synchronously to the applied signal. - Author(s): A. Torralba ; R.G. Carvajal ; M. Jiménez ; F. Muñoz ; J. Ramírez-Angulo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 152 –154
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063860
- Type: Article
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A new, simple, low-voltage class-AB unity-gain buffer is presented. The proposed approach combines use of floating-gate transistors with the flipped voltage follower to create a compact topology. Experimental results are provided that prove the proposed approach. - Author(s): M. Zhang and N. Llaser
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 154 –156
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063411
- Type: Article
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A low-voltage charge pump, having a symmetrical structure, is proposed. In this charge pump, enhanced switches are used instead of diode-configured MOSTs. The switch-controlling voltage is mutually offered by the two symmetrical branches, which makes the enhanced switches turn on/off alternatively during the designated cycles. Consequently, the voltage drop due to the threshold voltage of MOSTs is eliminated, exhibiting gain in die area, rise time and maximum output voltage.
Charge-mixer based on MOS interface-trap charge pump
Compact low-voltage class-AB analogue buffer
Low-voltage charge pump
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- Author(s): S.R. Bank ; H.P. Bae ; H.B. Yuen ; M.A. Wistey ; L.L. Goddard ; J.S. Harris
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 156 –157
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064022
- Type: Article
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The first low-threshold 1.55 µm lasers grown on GaAs are reported. Lasing at 1.55 µm was observed from a 20×2400 µm as-cleaved device with a room-temperature continuous-wave threshold current density of 579 A/cm2, external efficiency of 41%, and 130 mW peak output power. The pulsed threshold current density was 550 A/cm2 with >600 mW peak output power. - Author(s): A. Polynkin ; P. Polynkin ; D. Panasenko ; M. Mansuripur ; J. Moloney ; N. Peyghambarian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 157 –159
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063878
- Type: Article
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A short-cavity fibre laser oscillator emitting 12 ps-long pulses at the fundamental cavity frequency of 550 MHz is reported. The simple, stable and ultra-compact laser cavity consists of a short active fibre section which is spliced to a narrowband fibre Bragg grating, and a butt-coupled semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. Only 8 cm of the heavily Er/Yb co-doped phosphate-glass active fibre is sufficient to produce as much as 775 mW of average output power at 1.5 µm directly from the oscillator. - Author(s): K.G. Wilcox ; H.D. Foreman ; J.S. Roberts ; A.C. Tropper
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 159 –160
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063844
- Type: Article
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The timing jitter of 2.3 ps 1043 nm pulses from a passively modelocked surface-emitting semiconductor laser has been characterised. The vertical external laser cavity was stabilised by locking the pulse repetition rate to an external electronic oscillator at ∼897 MHz. Jitter was measured to be 160(30) fs over the bandwidth 1 kHz to 15 MHz.
Room-temperature continuous-wave 1.55 µm GaInNAsSb laser on GaAs
Short-cavity, passively modelocked fibre laser oscillator at 1.5 µm with 550 MHz repetition rate and high average power
Timing jitter of 897 MHz optical pulse train from actively stabilised passively modelocked surface-emitting semiconductor laser
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- Author(s): J. Salo ; P. Suvikunnas ; H.M. El-Sallabi ; P. Vainikainen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 160 –162
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063847
- Type: Article
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‘Multipath richness’ characterises the capability of a propagation environment to support parallel communication modes. The so-called ellipticity statistic is proposed as a measure of multipath richness of a MIMO radio channel. A measurement example clarifies the proposed figure of merit. - Author(s): C.A. St Jean and B. Jabbari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 162 –163
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063608
- Type: Article
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A noncooperative game-theoretic power control framework for a wireless DS-CDMA uplink with imperfect successive interference cancellation is presented. Assuming a fixed cancellation ordering, a unique Nash equilibrium corresponding to the centralised solution is shown to exist, and simulation reveals significant utility improvement compared to traditional matched filter detection. - Author(s): H. Fu and P.Y. Kam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 163 –165
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063414
- Type: Article
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Bit error probability (BEP) performance of binary differential phase shift keying (DPSK) with differential detection over the nonselective, fast Rician fading channels with combining diversity reception is analysed. The analytical approach that exists in previously published literature for computing the BEP relied on a special case of the derivation given by Proakis that was concerned with the probability that a general quadratic form in complex Gaussian random variables is less than zero. However, evaluating the various coefficients required in the derivation leads to a computationally intensive solution. A simple derivation is presented which leads to a new, alternative BEP expression. - Author(s): T. Kurt ; Y. Le Helloco ; B. Breton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 165 –167
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063778
- Type: Article
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The narrowband sampling criteria for narrowband fast fading removal is extended to wideband channels. The required number of samples for Rayleigh fading cancellation is deduced for the most general case. The specific values for CDMA2000 and UMTS systems are given, and field test results are incorporated to support theoretical studies.
Ellipticity statistic as measure of MIMO multipath richness
Game-theoretic power control in DS-CDMA wireless networks with successive interference cancellation
Simple error probability derivation for binary DPSK over fast Rician channels with diversity
Wideband local mean estimation
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- Author(s): R.Y.S. Tee ; F.C. Kuo ; L. Hanzo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 167 –168
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063247
- Type: Article
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Multilevel coding invoking generalised low-density parity-check component codes is proposed, which is capable of outperforming the classic low-density parity check component codes at a reduced decoding latency. - Author(s): A.R. Ahmadi and R.K. Rao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 168 –170
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063692
- Type: Article
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Binary continuous phase modulation (CPM) is considered with space-time trellis codes (STTCs) for multiple-input multiple-output systems. Single-h CPM with rectangular, raised cosine and half cycle sinusoid is considered. The upper bound on the minimum product distance of this signalling scheme is determined over a quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. Based on the rank and determinant criterion, best STTC/CPM combinations are identified for two transmit and an arbitrary number of receive antennas.
Multilevel generalised low-density parity-check codes
Space-time trellis code design with binary CPM
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- Author(s): J. Georgiou and A.G. Andreou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 170 –171
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063914
- Type: Article
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An address-encoding arbiter architecture is presented that is suitable for large asynchronous circuits requiring address event representation readout. It provides improvement in power and speed, while also reducing area. By encoding the address in each layer of the arbiter tree, the address line loads are distributed throughout the tree, thus reducing the maximum single load on a line driver.
High-speed, address-encoding arbiter architecture
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- Author(s): N. Nadarajah ; E. Wong ; A. Nirmalathas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 171 –173
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063934
- Type: Article
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A technique for automatic protection switching in conjunction with a capability for intercommunications between customers in a passive optical network is proposed and experimentally verified. Protection switching against fibre breaks is carried out using a secondary fibre that enables inter-customer networking using RF subcarrier multiplexed transmission along with the upstream transmission to the central office at baseband. - Author(s): C.-J. Chae
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 173 –174
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063698
- Type: Article
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A modular wavelength router suitable for flexibly configuring optical virtual private networks over a star-star cable plant with no more than three hops is proposed and its feasibility is experimentally demonstrated. - Author(s): M. Lefrançois ; G. Charlet ; S. Bigo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 174 –176
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064213
- Type: Article
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Submarine systems based on nonzero dispersion shifted fibres are numerically investigated at 40 Gbit/s channel bit rate over 10500 km in the whole C-band. High dispersion excursions up to 12000 ps/nm, appearing in such systems, do not impair the performance of differential phase-shift keyed modulation formats at 40 Gbit/s. Alternate-polarisation return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying maintains its ∼3 dB advantage over return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying. - Author(s): E. Moll ; Y.J. Chai ; K.A. Williams ; R.V. Penty ; I.H. White
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 176 –178
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064115
- Type: Article
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A novel monolithically integrated Michelson interferometer using intersecting twin-contact semiconductor optical amplifiers is proposed and implemented whereby the two arms are gain imbalanced to give enhanced noise suppression. Experimental OSNR improvements of 8.4 dB for pulses with durations 8 ps and by default ER of 14 dB are demonstrated for low driving currents of between 25 and 30 mA. This is believed to be the smallest Michelson interferometer to date. - Author(s): H.G. Weber ; S. Ferber ; M. Kroh ; C. Schmidt-Langhorst ; R. Ludwig ; V. Marembert ; C. Boerner ; F. Futami ; S. Watanabe ; C. Schubert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 178 –179
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063873
- Type: Article
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By combining the techniques of optical TDM with polarisation multiplexing and DQPSK modulation format, 240 km transmission of 1.28 Tbit/s and 160 km transmission of 2.56 Tbit/s has been performed in a single wavelength channel. - Author(s): H. Nakamura ; H. Suzuki ; K. Iwatsuki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 179 –181
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063585
- Type: Article
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Theoretically and experimentally clarified is the spectrum sliced effect which degrades the SNR in networks using the loopback scheme. The loss budget at 10 Gbit/s is investigated against the number of the distribution of the WDM light source in the carrier-distributed WDM-PON.
Automatic protection switching and LAN emulation in passive optical networks
Distributed wavelength router for optical virtual private networking in metropolitan areas
Impact of very large cumulated dispersion on performance of 40 Gbit/s submarine systems over nonzero dispersion shifted fibres
Noise suppression in monolithically integrated Michelson interferometer
Single channel 1.28 Tbit/s and 2.56 Tbit/s DQPSK transmission
SNR degradation owing to spectrum sliced effect in carrier-distributed WDM-PON
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- Author(s): R. Sidhu ; L. Zhang ; N. Tan ; N. Duan ; J.C. Campbell ; A.L. Holmes ; C.-F. Hsu ; M.A. Itzler
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 181 –182
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063415
- Type: Article
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An InP-based avalanche photodiode with a cutoff wavelength of 2.4 µm is reported. Type-II GaInAs-GaAsSb quantum wells lattice-matched to InP were used in the absorption region of the photodiode for long-wavelength absorption. The device exhibited multiplication gain in excess of 30 at room temperature and in excess of 200 at 225 Kelvin with dark current density near breakdown of less than 0.66 mA/cm2.
2.4 µm cutoff wavelength avalanche photodiode on InP substrate
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- Author(s): C.H. Lin ; J.B. Kuo ; K.W. Su ; S. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 182 –184
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064060
- Type: Article
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The partitioned gate tunnelling current model considering the distributed effect for CMOS devices with an ultra-thin (1 nm) gate oxide is reported. As verified by the experimentally measured data, the partitioned gate tunnelling current model considering the distributed effect provides a better prediction of the total gate, drain and source currents as compared to the BSIM4 model.
Partitioned gate tunnelling current model considering distributed effect for CMOS devices with ultra-thin (1 nm) gate oxide
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- Author(s): D. Ramírez and I. Santamaría
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 184 –186
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063870
- Type: Article
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A new suboptimal algorithm for detection of constant modulus signals in multiple-input multiple-output channels is presented. The deviation of the solution from the desired constant modulus property is used as a penalty or regularisation term in the conventional least squares cost function, and an iterative reweighted least squares procedure is used to minimise the regularised function. - Author(s): E. Rohani and S. Mehdi Fakhraie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 186 –187
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063397
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A report is made on one of the issues first observed when using a block-floating-point system in a time equaliser of an ADSL modem. It is believed that, until now, this important phenomenon has been neglected by researchers. It is shown that neglecting this issue may increase the round-off error significantly. Two solutions to improve performance are proposed.
Regularised approach to detection of constant modulus signals in MIMO channels
Round-off error in block-floating-point structures
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- Author(s): M. Lamont and P.C. Beard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 3, p. 187 –189
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20064135
- Type: Article
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A 2D ultrasound field imaging system that uses a CCD array to map the optical output of a planar Fabry-Perot polymer film sensing interferometer is described. This system enables ultrasound fields to be rapidly mapped over a 6.6×4.7 mm aperture with spatial and temporal resolutions of the order of 10 µm and 10 ns, respectively. The concept was successfully demonstrated by imaging the acoustic field at the focus of a pulsed 5 MHz PZT ultrasound transducer. The technique offers an alternative to piezoelectric-based methods for high-resolution biomedical and industrial ultrasonic imaging and field characterisation applications.
2D imaging of ultrasound fields using CCD array to map output of Fabry-Perot polymer film sensor
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