Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 42, Issue 23, 9 November 2006
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Volume 42, Issue 23
9 November 2006
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- Author(s): Q.-H. Duong and S.-G. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1319 –1320
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062482
- Type: Article
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A new approximated exponential equation is proposed, which offers a wide decibel linear range for use in many applications such as exponential converters, log-domain filters, variable gain amplifiers (VGAs), automatic gain control amplifiers, etc. The proposed equation is implemented into a circuit as a two-stage VGA, which is fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS technology and offers a gain range of 90 dB (−54–36 dB) and about 82 dB with linearity error of less than ±1 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth is 50 MHz at a maximum gain of 36 dB and P1 dB is from −40 to −17 dBm. The power dissipation is 3.7 mA from a 1.8 V supply. The chip, excluding bond pads, occupies 0.34 mm2.
Wide dynamic range variable-gain amplifier based on new approximated exponential equation
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- Author(s): S. Costanzo ; F. Venneri ; G. Di Massa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1320 –1322
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062492
- Type: Article
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An aperture-coupled reflectarray element with a reduced inter-element spacing is proposed. Bandwidth improvements are demonstrated by a smooth and similar behaviour of the phase design curves when properly decreasing the unit cell size. Experimental validations are reported for the measured radiation patterns of two reflectarray propotypes with different element spacings. - Author(s): C.C. Chang and Y.C. Lo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1322 –1323
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062063
- Type: Article
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In contrast to the inductively coupled structure published earlier, a capacitively coupled structure in designing broadband radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antennas for the UHF band is investigated. The proposed structure not only successfully widens the tag operating bandwidth but also enjoys better radiation efficiency than its inductive counterpart. - Author(s): V.A. Shameena ; M.N. Suma ; K.Raj Rohith ; P.C. Bybi ; P. Mohanan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1323 –1324
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062863
- Type: Article
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The design and analysis of a compact planar UWB antenna with notch band ON/OFF control is presented. The UWB response is achieved by a microstrip fed staircase patch with an identical inverted ground plane. The notch band is switched ON or OFF by integrating a pin diode across a λ/2 inverted ‘U’ slot embedded in the patch. - Author(s): O. Ramadan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1325 –1326
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062511
- Type: Article
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Unconditionally stable complex envelope (CE) perfectly matched layer (PML) formulations are presented for modelling band-limited electromagetic applications. The method is based on incorporating the Crank Nicolson scheme into the CE finite difference time domain algorithm. A numerical example carried out in one-dimensional domain is included to show the validity of the proposed formulations. - Author(s): C.A. Diugwu ; J.C. Batchelor ; M. Fogg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1326 –1328
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062839
- Type: Article
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The performance of RFID tag reading is assessed within roll cages. The insertion loss of a cage side is simulated along with the field distribution within a complete cage and read measurements are taken and mapped for a horizontal plane inside a physical cage. Frequency diversity for multi-frequency tags is proposed as a method of reading within standing wave nulls. - Author(s): S.I. Kwak ; K. Chang ; Y.J. Yoon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1328 –1329
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062074
- Type: Article
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A small antenna for the wideband capsule endoscope system is proposed. Since the capsule endoscope system works in the body and transmits internal image data to a receiver with high resolution, a small wideband antenna is required. To obtain wideband characteristics, a small spiral structure is applied. The proposed antenna has size of 10.1 mm diameter and 3 mm height. The electrical properties of the human body with dielectric constant of 56 and conductivity of 0.83 are considered. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is from 430 to 500 MHz for VSWR<2 and it has isotropic radiation pattern. - Author(s): B. Mirzapour and H.R. Hassani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1329 –1331
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062879
- Type: Article
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A new wideband and small size star-shaped patch antenna, fed by a small rectangular patch, is proposed. Simulation via a finite element program and measured results of return loss, and the E- and H-plane radiation patterns of the proposed antenna, are presented. The antenna is able to achieve in the range 5–9.3 GHz an impedance bandwidth of 63% for return loss of less than −10 dB.
Bandwidth enhancement of aperture-coupled reflectarrays
Broadband RFID tag antenna with capacitively coupled structure
Compact ultra-wideband planar serrated antenna with notch band ON/OFF control
Complex envelope Crank Nicolson PML algorithm for band-limited electromagnetic applications
Field distributions and RFID reading within metallic roll cages
Small spiral antenna for wideband capsule endoscope system
Wideband and small size star-shaped microstrip patch antenna
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- Author(s): P. Georgiou ; T.G. Constandinou ; C. Toumazou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1331 –1332
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062836
- Type: Article
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An ISFET-based integrate and fire neuron, forming the front-end of a chemical pixel sensor, is introduced. With the sense data being encoded in the spike domain, i.e. asynchronous/continuous time and discrete value, it is directly compatible with asynchronous communication hardware, e.g. address event representation. The circuit is shown to be tunable to yield a linear relation with both pH and actual hydrogen ion concentration, with a peak power consumption of 35 µW. Furthermore, its compact pixel footprint of under 6500 µm2, makes it ideal for use in arrayed architectures with application in biochemical imaging.
Low-power spiking chemical pixel sensor
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- Author(s): W. Lin and P.X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1332 –1334
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062743
- Type: Article
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A new algorithm for Hammerstein model identification based on bacterial foraging is developed. Simulations and comparisons show its advantages over the particle swarm optimisation algorithm in terms of immunity to coloured noise, model accuracy, and the convergence of parameters.
Hammerstein model identification based on bacterial foraging
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- Author(s): P. Pulici ; T. Lessio ; A. Vigilante ; G.P. Vanalli ; P.P. Stoppino ; G. Ripamonti ; A. Losavio ; G. Campardo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1334 –1335
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062248
- Type: Article
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A NOR Flash memory system, the supply voltage of which can be as low as 1.2 V, is described. The internal memory chip supply voltage (1.8 V) is obtained by means of a DC-DC converter totally included in the same package of the memory. This system represents a way to overcome technology limitations to generate a Flash device supplied at a voltage close to 1 V and below. The NOR Flash memory system is assembled in a ball grid array 88 balls 14×8×1.6 mm, with the same ballout of the standard Flash memory working at 1.8 V. - Author(s): C.-I. Son ; S. Yoon ; S.W. Chung ; C.-I. Park ; E.-Y. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1335 –1337
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062239
- Type: Article
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A novel NAND flash memory interface (NFMI) scheme to cope with uncertainty due to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations is proposed. The new NFMI scheme introduces a signal called data valid strobe to replace the signal read enable bar, which is a read strobe in the standard NFMI protocol. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is insensitive to PVT variations, unlike the existing NFMI scheme, and hence substantially increases system performance as well as reliability.
1.2 V NOR Flash memory in system-in-package
Variability-insensitive scheme for NAND flash memory interfaces
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- Author(s): G. Anzueto-Sánchez ; A. Martınez-Rıos ; D.A. May-Arrioja ; I. Torres-Gómez ; R. Selvas-Aguilar ; J. Álvárez-Chávez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1337 –1339
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20061714
- Type: Article
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A 12 nm tunable fibre laser is demonstrated. The tuning mechanism uses an SU-8 fibre gripper for automatic alignment of a multimode fibre and gold-coated fibre (facet) mirror. Wavelength tuning is achieved using the wavelength dependent re-imaging effect that occurs in multimode fibres. - Author(s): C. Caucheteur ; A.A. Fotiadi ; P. Mégret ; G. Brambilla ; S.A. Slattery ; D.N. Nikogosyan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1339 –1340
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062610
- Type: Article
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The first measurements of polarisation properties of a long-period grating inscribed in an endlessly singlemode photonic crystal fibre are reported. Strong modulation in the spectra of polarisation-dependent loss and differential group delay with periods of 2.6 and 1.3 nm, respectively, were found. As such an effect has not been observed in standard optical fibres, it is believed that this is due to the specific mode structure of the holey fibre used for grating fabrication.
Enhanced tuning mechanism in fibre laser based on multimode interference effects
Polarisation properties of long-period grating inscribed in pure-fused-silica photonic crystal fibre
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- Author(s): J.-H. Kao ; J.-H. Chuang ; M.-L. Hsieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1340 –1342
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062848
- Type: Article
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Establishing point correspondences is an important research topic in computer vision. Proposed is an algorithm using local similarity and global constraint to obtain point correspondence. The point correspondences are obtained by comparing their associated colour codes, which are computed by image gradients, and using spatial relationships among neighbouring feature points. The approach assumes insignificant scaling and roll, and is suitable for real-time applications.
Finding point correspondence using local similarity and global constraint under insignificant scaling and roll
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- Author(s): A. El Fatimy ; S. Boubanga Tombet ; F. Teppe ; W. Knap ; D.B. Veksler ; S. Rumyantsev ; M.S. Shur ; N. Pala ; R. Gaska ; Q. Fareed ; X. Hu ; D. Seliuta ; G. Valusis ; C. Gaquiere ; D. Theron ; A. Cappy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1342 –1344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062452
- Type: Article
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Detection of subterahertz and terahertz radiation by high electron mobility GaN/AlGaN transistors in the 0.2–2.5 THz frequency range (much higher than the cutoff frequency of the transistors) is reported. Experiments were performed in the temperature range 4–300 K. For the lowest temperatures, a resonant response was observed. The resonances were interpreted as plasma wave excitations in gated two-dimensional electron gas. Non-resonant detection was observed at temperatures above 100 K. Estimates for noise equivalent power show that these transistors can be used as efficient detectors of terahertz radiation at cryogenic and room temperatures.
Terahertz detection by GaN/AlGaN transistors
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- Author(s): Z. Deng and A.M. Niknejad
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1344 –1346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063017
- Type: Article
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A prototype dual-mode voltage-controlled oscillator supporting two simultaneous oscillation modes is fabricated and demonstrated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process. The oscillator has two resonant ports while sharing one bias. Injection locking is applied to lock the low frequency, 4.8 GHz, to half of the high frequency, 9.6 GHz. The oscillator core consumes 7 mA from a 1.8 V supply. Measurement shows a tuning range of 5% and phase noise is −103 and −109 dBc/Hz measured at 1 MHz offset from the high and low frequency tones, respectively. - Author(s): P. Xu ; Y.L. Wong ; T.K. Horiuchi ; P.A. Abshire
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1346 –1347
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062472
- Type: Article
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A compact true random number generator (RNG) integrated circuit with adjustable probability is presented. Hot-electron injection is used in a floating-gate MOSFET to program the probability. Measurements show no cross-correlation between adjacent RNG circuits, allowing multiple RNGs to be easily integrated. - Author(s): S. Heini ; C. Hu-Guo ; M. Winter ; Y. Hu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1347 –1349
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062944
- Type: Article
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Monolithic active pixel sensors using standard low-cost CMOS technology available from industrial manufacturers have demonstrated excellent tracking performances for minimum ionising particles in high energy physics and biomedical imaging applications. A new design of PhotoFET is presented. This structure offers the advantage of integrating amplification inside the sensing element using a PMOS transistor with a high sensitivity and a large output dynamic range. The proposed PhotoFET has been implemented with the AMS 0.35 µm process. The main results of measurements are presented. - Author(s): A. Wakejima ; T. Nakayama ; K. Ota ; Y. Okamoto ; Y. Ando ; N. Kuroda ; M. Tanomura ; K. Matsunaga ; H. Miyamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1349 –1350
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062950
- Type: Article
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A pulsed 0.75 kW output GaN-FET amplifier for L/S band high power applications has been successfully developed. A single-ended configuration is adopted to make the amplifier compact and simple. The amplifier delivers a saturated output power of 0.75 kW under pulsed RF operation at 2.14 GHz, which is believed to be the highest output power reported in an L/S band single-packaged device. - Author(s): G. De Vita and G. Iannaccone
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1350 –1352
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062080
- Type: Article
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A series voltage regulator for long-distance passive microwave RFID (RadioFrequency IDentification) transponders, based on subthreshold CMOS circuits, is presented. It is shown that for a voltage regulator that supplies power to subthreshold circuits, temperature compensation would actually represent a disadvantage, while a proper built-in nonzero temperature coefficient can strongly suppress the temperature dependence of the overall subthreshold circuit performance. Implementation and experimental results are discussed.
9.6/4.8 GHz dual-mode voltage-controlled oscillator with injection locking
Compact floating-gate true random number generator
Design of PhotoFET for monolithic active pixel sensors in high energy physics and biomedical imaging applications
Pulsed 0.75 kW output single-ended GaN-FET amplifier for L/S band applications
Ultra-low-power series voltage regulator for passive RFID transponders with subthreshold logic
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- Author(s): K. Akita ; R. Akimoto ; T. Hasama ; H. Ishikawa ; Y. Takanashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1352 –1353
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062732
- Type: Article
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An all-optical switch using intersubband transition in wide-gap II-VI-based quantum wells in an improved waveguide structure is presented. The waveguide exhibits a separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) and submicron high-mesa waveguide for stronger optical confinement. A reduction of 39% is achieved in control pulse energy for a 10 dB switching extinction ratio while maintaining a subpicosecond response.
Intersubband all-optical switching in submicron high-mesa SCH waveguide structure with wide-gap II-VI-based quantum wells
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- Author(s): K. Adachi ; K. Nakahara ; J. Kasai ; T. Kitatani ; T. Tsuchiya ; M. Aoki ; M. Kondow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1354 –1355
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062982
- Type: Article
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Low-threshold GaInNAs single-quantum-well (SQW) lasers with emission wavelength over 1.3 µm are demonstrated. Epitaxial layers of the lasers are grown using an aluminium-free gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy (GS-MBE) to prevent any impurity or contamination related to aluminium that might be incorporated into the GaInNAs active layer. The fabricated laser is believed it exhibit the lowest threshold-current density (200 A/cm2) among GaInNAs-SQW lasers grown by MBE. Moreover, record low threshold current (5.2 mA) and long-wavelength (1.31 µm) emission were achieved in a ridge-waveguide laser at 25°C under continuous-wave operation.
Low-threshold GaInNAs single-quantum-well lasers with emission wavelength over 1.3 µm
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- Author(s): D. Ni ; Y. Zhu ; Y. Xie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1355 –1357
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062674
- Type: Article
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A method for synthesising a novel hexagonal filter with source-load coupling is presented. The equivalent circuit of the lowpass prototype of a general lossless coupled resonator filter is proposed, and the corresponding transfer function t(s) is derived. A novel quasi-elliptic function microstrip hexagonal filter is designed and fabricated. Simulated and measured results are presented. Compared with the conventional cross-coupling filter, the proposed hexagonal filter acquires more than 27.5% size reduction and provides improved selectivity by a relatively small bandwidth. - Author(s): K. Sasagawa and M. Tsuchiya
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1357 –1358
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062557
- Type: Article
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A modulation depth enhancement technique for highly sensitive electro-optic (EO) sensing of RF near-fields is presented. This technique increases EO signal intensity without increasing total power received by a photodiode (PD). Therefore, sensitivity limitation owing to saturation of the PD can be avoided. Sensitivity improvement of 20 dB compared to the conventional configuration is successfully achieved. - Author(s): P. Scheele ; A. Kilian ; A. Giere ; R. Jakoby
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1358 –1360
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062483
- Type: Article
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A novel mixing principle based on the modulation of the transfer function of tunable filters has been implemented at 1.95 GHz. The varactor based filters used as single pole double throw (SPDT) switches offer switching contrasts of more than 30 dB. In combination with a phase shifter in one filter's output path and a power combiner, a switching-mode mixer has been realised.
Design of hexagonal filter with source-load coupling
Modulation depth enhancement for highly sensitive electro-optic RF near-field measurement
Switching-mode mixers based on tunable filters
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- Author(s): S.L. Linfoot and M.K. Ibrahims
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1360 –1362
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062206
- Type: Article
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Orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) is a multicarrier scheme transmitting low bit-rates through many subchannels as opposed to wideband techniques which send high data rates through a single channel. A novel technique is proposed that matches the signal-to-noise ratio characteristics of OFDM but which has a higher degree of flexibility and lower complexity for use in digital television.
Flexible modulation for digital terrestrial broadcasting
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- Author(s): J. Kurumida ; H. Uenohara ; K. Kobayashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1362 –1363
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062659
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a novel all-optical packet label recognition scheme for a time-domain signal, where all-optical 1×2 switching units are connected in a tree configuration. An optical probe pulse comes out of one of the output ports according to the label bit pattern. Feasibility of the all-optical label recognition was demonstrated for a two-bit label using SOA-MZI all-optical switches. - Author(s): B. Mikkelsen ; C. Rasmussen ; P. Mamyshev ; F. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1363 –1365
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20063003
- Type: Article
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Tolerance to optical filtering of a DPSK system can be increased significantly by decreasing the differential delay of the traditional MZI-demodulator to less than one bit-period. It is shown that a 43 Gbit/s DPSK signal can support 50 GHz channel spacing if the delay is decreased to 65% of a bit-period.
All-optical label recognition for time-domain signal using multistage switching scheme based on SOA-MZIs
Partial DPSK with excellent filter tolerance and OSNR sensitivity
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- Author(s): J. Vaillancourt ; X. Lu ; X. Han ; D.C. Janzen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1365 –1367
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062295
- Type: Article
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A high-speed thin-film transistor (TFT) on a regular transparency film is reported. The TFT was fabricated at room temperature using an electronic-grade carbon nanotube solution. The TFT shows a high field-effect mobility of ∼47 662 cm2/Vs and a large current carrying capacity of ∼30 mA. A high operation frequency exceeding 150 MHz has been demonstrated at a low gate voltage of a few volts. Such a TFT would be a critical building block for low-cost, large-area, and high-speed flexible printed electronics.
High-speed thin-film transistor on flexible substrate fabricated at room temperature
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- Author(s): A.N. Skodras
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1367 –1368
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062588
- Type: Article
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An efficient structure for the fast computation of the discrete Pascal transform (DPT) is presented. Only ½N(N−1) additions are required for the computation of an N-point DPT as opposed to N2 multiplications and N(N−1) additions. The reduced computational complexity of the proposed algorithm results in significant time savings and software/hardware simplicity. - Author(s): C. Withers and S. Nadarajah
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1368 –1369
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062112
- Type: Article
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Hermite polynomials have applications in almost every area of electrical and electronic engineering. Simple (hitherto unknown) representations are derived for the Hermite polynomials. For simplicity, the univariate case is considered. The same result holds for the multivariate and complex Hermite polynomials.
Fast discrete Pascal transform
Simple representations for Hermite polynomials
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- Author(s): A. Holt ; C.-Y. Huang ; J. Monk
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 42, Issue 23, p. 1369 –1371
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20062201
- Type: Article
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Mirroring is common practice for popular sites. Geographically distributed mirrors help to load-balance network traffic. Furthermore, content downloads are faster for users accessing a nearby mirror. Users, however, may value up-to-date content over performance and network optimality, so it is important to ensure that revisions are propagated to mirrors regularly. Triggered or frequently scheduled updates can place heavy loads on the network. Furthermore, content providers may wish to schedule mirror updates during off-peak times in order to take advantage of less than best effort services. The trade-off between update frequencies of mirror sites and the likelihood of stale content is explored.
World-Wide Web mirrors: likelihood of stale content
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