Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 41, Issue 4, 17 February 2005
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Volume 41, Issue 4
17 February 2005
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- Author(s): C.G. Kim ; K.‐C. Lee ; B.H. Cho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 163 –164
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057641
- Type: Article
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p.
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Cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) show complex characteristics, which make it difficult to drive them in parallel. Analysis of the lamp current distribution in parallel operation is presented in detail. The current balancing condition, under which the lamp currents are well balanced in the presence of the lamp voltage variation, is derived. The analysis results are verified from experiments with two 720 mm/4 mm CCFLs for 32-inch LCD TVs. Experimental results with eight CCFLs in parallel are also presented.
Driving cold cathode fluorescent lamps in parallel
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- Author(s): C.L. Hong ; I.J. Wassell ; M.P. Sellars ; S.D. Greaves ; M. Noakes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 164 –165
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057265
- Type: Article
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p.
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A previous study has shown that circular polarisation reduces multipath delay spread in indoor radio systems. However, the effect is more difficult to measure in outdoor fixed wireless access (FWA) systems. Presented is a switchable-polarisation antenna that enables accurate comparison of linear against circular polarisation in outdoor measurements. Results show that circular polarisation reduces the multipath delay spread in suburban FWA systems at 3.5 GHz. - Author(s): D. Stephens ; P.R. Young ; I.D. Robertson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 165 –167
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057682
- Type: Article
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p.
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A W-band substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna has been designed and tested. The antenna has been realised using a reduced height waveguide in photoimageable thick film technology. Experimental and simulated return loss and radiation pattern measurements are presented.
Switchable-polarisation antenna for measuring polarisation dependence of multipath in 3.5 GHz FWA systems
W-band substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna
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- Author(s): Y. Le Guillou and H. Fakhoury
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 167 –168
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057874
- Type: Article
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An improved continuous-time sigma-delta (ΣΔ) architecture with elliptic signal transfer function is presented. It is demonstrated that the UTRA/FDD band 1 interferer filtering can be fully achieved within the sigma-delta loop.
Elliptic filtering in continuous-time sigma-delta modulator
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- Author(s): M. Caussanel ; P. Signoret ; J. Gasiot ; O. Gilard ; M. Sotom
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 168 –170
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057704
- Type: Article
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A model to predict the gain of an EDFA in an ionising environment is used to perform extrapolations at other doses and dose rates than those used for testing. Not only is good agreement found for doses up to five times higher than the test dose, but also lower dose rate extrapolation results reassure as far as introducing this device within satellites is concerned. - Author(s): S. Février ; F. Gérôme ; J.-L. Auguste ; J.-M. Blondy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 170 –171
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057318
- Type: Article
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The use of dual concentric core fibres to realise a flattening filter is reported. The power spectrum of an ASE source has been flattened in the C-band from 5.8 to 1.4 dB. - Author(s): Q. Peng ; Y. Zhou ; Y. Chen ; Z. Sun ; Y. Bo ; X. Yang ; Z. Xu ; Y. Wang ; K. Li ; W. Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 171 –173
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057165
- Type: Article
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Experimental demonstrations of the use of a self-imaging resonator in the phase locking of two fibre lasers are presented. The output power of the phase-locked fibre laser array exceeded 2 W. Successful attempts of phase locking show that the fibre laser array is not only capable of producing high output power but also large on-axis intensity by this method. - Author(s): Y. Jeong ; P. Dupriez ; J.K. Sahu ; J. Nilsson ; D.Y. Shen ; W.A. Clarkson ; S.D. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 173 –174
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057534
- Type: Article
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An ytterbium-sensitised thulium-doped silica fibre laser that generates up to 75 W of output power in the 2 µm wavelength range when cladding-pumped by a 975 nm diode stack is reported. The slope efficiency is 32% with respect to the launched pump power and the beam quality factor (M2) is 1.3. - Author(s): S.W. Harun ; X.S. Cheng ; N.K. Saat ; H. Ahmad
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 174 –176
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057310
- Type: Article
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A multi-wavelength Brillouin erbium fibre laser, which operates in short wavelength band (S-band), is proposed and demonstrated. The system employs both linear gain and nonlinear gain from a 20 m S-band erbium-doped fibre and a 500 m singlemode fibre, respectively, to generate an optical wavelength comb with spacing of approximately 0.084 nm. Two 80/20 couplers were used in the system as an internal feedback of generated Stokes signal to produce cascaded Brillouin Stokes for multiwavelength operation. A stable output laser comb of up to seven lines was obtained with a Brillouin pump of 3.5 mW and a 980 nm pump of 200 mW. - Author(s): A. Martinez ; I.Y. Khrushchev ; I. Bennion
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 176 –178
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057898
- Type: Article
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p.
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Direct, point-by-point inscription of fibre Bragg gratings by an infrared femtosecond laser has been reported recently. Response of these gratings to annealing at temperatures in the range 500 to 1050°C is studied for the first time. Gratings inscribed by infrared femtosecond lasers were thermally stable at temperatures up to 900°C, representing a significant improvement in comparison with the ‘common’, UV-inscribed, gratings. Annealing at temperatures up to 700°C increased grating reflectivity. - Author(s): L.R. Chen and N. Bélanger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 178 –179
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057275
- Type: Article
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p.
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Electrical wavelength tuning in a dual-wavelength, actively mode-locked semiconductor fibre ring laser incorporating a high-birefringence Sagnac loop is demonstrated. Picosecond pulses at each wavelength, both of which can be tuned simultaneously by changing the modulation frequency are obtained. Similar pulse characteristics are obtained regardless of whether the reflection or transmission response of the loop is used.
Extrapolation of radiation-induced EDFA gain degradation at space dose rate
Flattening filter based on cascaded dual concentric core fibres
Phase locking of fibre lasers by self-imaging resonator
Power scaling of 2 µm ytterbium-sensitised thulium-doped silica fibre laser diode-pumped at 975 nm
S-band Brillouin erbium fibre laser
Thermal properties of fibre Bragg gratings inscribed point-by-point by infrared femtosecond laser
Wavelength tunable, modelocked semiconductor fibre ring laser incorporating a high-birefringence Sagnac loop
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- Author(s): J.-L. Shih ; C.-H. Lee ; J.T. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 179 –181
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20056916
- Type: Article
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p.
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With the increase of the number of 3D objects available on the digital libraries, the demand for a content-based 3D object retrieval system becomes urgent. Proposed is a novel feature, grid D2, for 3D object retrieval. Results of experiments show that the proposed method is superior to others. - Author(s): S. Alkaabi and F. Deravi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 181 –182
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057716
- Type: Article
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p.
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A rotationally invariant block-matching algorithm for matching point features in rotated images is presented. The algorithm matches the detected point features by extracting a small image area (block) centred on each point in the first image and searching for a highly similar block in the second image. The algorithm compensates for the rotation difference between the compared blocks using the gradient orientation difference between the matched point features. Application of the proposed algorithm to estimate global rotation difference between rotated images is outlined and the results are compared to other widely used algorithms. - Author(s): S. López ; J.F. López ; R. Sarmiento
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 182 –183
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057045
- Type: Article
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p.
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An adaptive cost block matching (ACBM) motion estimation technique is proposed to achieve a good compromise between the visual quality of decoded video sequences and the computational cost. Simulation results demonstrate that the ACBM algorithm is able to obtain a better rate-distortion performance that the one given by the full-search algorithm, with reductions of up to 90% in the computational cost. - Author(s): J. Kliewer and N. Goertz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 184 –185
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057590
- Type: Article
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p.
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The transmission of compressed images over highly corrupted channels is addressed. The implicit residual redundancy inherent in the quantised subband images and the bit-reliability information at the channel output are utilised for error protection. As a novelty a known estimation technique is extended to the two-dimensional case, where both horizontal and vertical correlations are exploited. Especially for very noisy channels the quality of the reconstructed image is greatly increased compared to one-dimensional approaches.
3D object retrieval system based on grid D2
Block matching in rotated images
Cost-adaptive motion estimation strategy for high-performance video encoders
Two-dimensional soft-input source decoding for robust transmission of compressed images
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- Author(s): C.S. Laih ; L. Ding ; Y.M. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 185 –186
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057114
- Type: Article
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p.
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–186
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A scenario in which a user and a server can authenticate each other and generate a strong session key through a symmetric cipher by their shared weak (low-entropy) password in an insecure channel is considered. Until now, designing a secure protocol in this scenario has been an open problem due to the offline dictionary attack. A protocol to resolve this problem is proposed. The idea is to ensure that people must participate to verify each guessed password in the offline dictionary attack. Therefore, this attack cannot succeed in a reasonable time for the proposed protocol.
Password-only authenticated key establishment protocol without public key cryptography
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- Author(s): N. Keil ; H.H. Yao ; C. Zawadzki ; F. Beyer ; O. Radmer ; M. Bauer ; C. Dreyer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 186 –188
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057585
- Type: Article
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p.
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–188
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Four- and eight-channel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and fixed optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) devices with channel spacing of 1200 and 600 GHz have been fabricated using super-high refractive index contrast (Δn=0.020) triazine containing polymers. Accordingly, the size of the four-channel AWG was only 10×3 mm and the insertion loss was 3 dB.
Super compact optical add-drop multiplexer for FTTH applications based on low-loss polymer waveguide materials
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- Author(s): F. du Burck ; A. Tabet ; O. Lopez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 188 –190
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057234
- Type: Article
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p.
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–190
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The limitation of the amplitude modulation rejection due to the spatial modulation of the output beam of an acousto-optic modulator, which is used in an active laser beam stabilisation system when a frequency modulation of a few megahertz is applied to this modulator, is analysed. It is shown how to overcome this problem, using a single-mode optical fibre at the output of the modulator. A residual amplitude modulation of 10−5 is achieved. - Author(s): R. Todt ; Th. Jacke ; R. Meyer ; M.-C. Amann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 190 –191
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057724
- Type: Article
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p.
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–191
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Tunable twin-guide laser diodes with improved lateral current injection structure and high output power are reported. By optimising the doping profile of the n-InP layer laterally surrounding the buried stripe, inherent leakage currents are effectively minimised. Thereby, the carrier injection efficiency of the laser diode is significantly increased and high output powers of up to 24 and 3.3 mW are obtained at operation temperatures of 20 and 80°C, respectively. - Author(s): K. Yang ; S. Zhao ; G. Li ; D. Li ; J. Zou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 191 –193
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057008
- Type: Article
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–193
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A laser-diode pumped CW Nd:GdVO4 green laser with periodically poled KTP is first reported. The TEM00-mode green laser output power is 1.54 W at 4.44 W incident pump power, corresponding to an optical conversion of 31.5%, which is more than twice of that of the conventional KTP. The predicted results are compared with measured data and good agreement is reported.
Frequency-modulated laser beam with highly efficient intensity stabilisation
High output power tunable twin-guide laser diodes with improved lateral current injection structure
Laser-diode pumped CW Nd:GdVO4 green laser with periodically poled KTP
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- Author(s): J. Capmany ; A. Martínez ; D. Pastor ; B. Ortega ; J. Mora
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 193 –194
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20058007
- Type: Article
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An experimental demonstration is given of the use of a transversal RF photonic filter to accomplish intermodal dispersion equalisation in a 10 Gbit/s optical fibre link using a Fabry-Perot laser. The structure operates in an equivalent fashion to an electronic equaliser but in the photonic domain. A record distance of 24.2 km using the equalising filter is obtained. - Author(s): J.A.G. Malherbe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 194 –196
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20058005
- Type: Article
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The properties of a nonradiative dielectric waveguide with a dielectric strip perforated by a series of holes are described. The perforated guide can be used in instances where different wave impedances are desired, in addition to where different propagation velocities are needed without resorting to the use of physically different materials. - Author(s): S.M. Han ; C.‐S. Kim ; D. Ahn ; T. Itoh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 196 –197
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057676
- Type: Article
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p.
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A novel phase shifter with defected ground structures (DGSs) for higher phase shift range is presented. The varactor diodes are mounted on DGSs of termination loads to control the large phase variation of the DGS at resonance. The experimental results of the proposed phase shifter show a 60° increase in maximum phase shift compared with that of a conventional one.
Microwave photonic transversal filter for intermodal dispersion equalisation
Nonradiative dielectric waveguide with perforated dielectric strip
Phase shifter with high phase shifts using defected ground structures
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- Author(s): S. Tong ; P. Wang ; D. Wang ; X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 197 –198
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057447
- Type: Article
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p.
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A new expression for box-minus operation, i.e. the inverse of box-plus operation, is derived, with which the box-minus operation can be implemented by a small look-up table. Its application in the sum–product algorithm is investigated.
Box-minus operation and application in sum–product algorithm
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- Author(s): T. Taskaya-Temizel ; M.C. Casey ; K. Ahmad
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 198 –200
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20058016
- Type: Article
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A procedure for pre-processing non-stationary time series is proposed for modelling with a time-delay neural network (TDNN). The procedure stabilises the mean of the series and uses a fast Fourier transform to determine the TDNN input size. Results of applying this procedure on five well-known data sets are compared with existing hybrid neural network techniques, demonstrating improved prediction performance.
Pre-processing inputs for optimally-configured time-delay neural networks
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- Author(s): S. Ferber ; R. Ludwig ; C. Boerner ; C. Schubert ; C. Schmidt-Langhorst ; M. Kroh ; V. Marembert ; H.G. Weber
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 200 –202
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057179
- Type: Article
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Long-term BER measurements (10 h) of a single-channel 160 Gbit/s transmission over 4×80 km high-dispersion fibre are reported, using a single polarisation signal, RZ-DPSK coding and EDFA amplification solely. Pulse source, demultiplexing optical gate, clock recovery and the balanced detector are based on semiconductor components. Completely error-free transmission was observed for more than 5 h without using FEC. - Author(s): H. Lee ; J. Lee ; H. Kim ; S.K. Kim ; G. Lee ; S. Hwang ; Y. Oh ; J. Jeong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 202 –203
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057395
- Type: Article
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p.
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300 km error-free transmission of 10 Gbit/s chirped duobinary signals over dispersion-uncompensated standard singlemode fibre is demonstrated. The record transmission distance is achieved by using two LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulators driven only with electrical binary signals. - Author(s): G.-W. Lu ; L.-K. Chen ; C.-K. Chan ; C. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 203 –205
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057444
- Type: Article
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A tunable and stability-enhanced all-optical wavelength converter of 9.95328 Gbit/s 2.5 ps RZ-OOK signal is successfully demonstrated with power penalty <0.5 dB over the maximal pump-probe wavelength spacing, ∼23 nm. It is implemented based on the cross-polarisation modulation (XPolM) effect in a 64 m-long nonlinear photonics crystal fibre (PCF). The utilisation of such a short length of highly nonlinear PCF operating in the normal dispersion region not only reduces the wavelength converter's sensitivity to environmental disturbances and walk-off effect, but also eliminates modulation instability effects in the XPolM process. - Author(s): A. Takada ; E. Yamazaki ; T. Kobayashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 205 –206
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057877
- Type: Article
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A novel method for optical pulse generation that uses an optical frequency shifter (OFS) in a fibre loop circuit is proposed. An optical phase-locked loop circuit is used to control the drive frequency of the OFS and cancel the fluctuation in fibre loop length. Picosecond pulse generation is demonstrated successfully at various repetition rates. - Author(s): D.-S. Ly-Gagnon ; K. Katoh ; K. Kikuchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 206 –207
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057967
- Type: Article
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p.
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Unrepeatered optical transmission of 20 Gbit/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals over 210 km, using a homodyne phase-diversity receiver followed by carrier-phase estimation through digital signal processing is demonstrated. The advantage of the coherent detection with phase estimation leads to significant improvement of the receiver sensitivity compared with differential demodulation. It also enables the observation of the distortion of the complex amplitude due to fibre nonlinearity, offering new tools to monitor the transmission quality.
160 Gbit/s DPSK transmission over 320 km fibre link with high long-term stability
300 km transmission of 10 Gbit/s chirped duobinary signals using two Mach-Zehnder modulators
All-optical tunable wavelength conversion based on cross-polarisation modulation in nonlinear photonics crystal fibre
Repetition rate variable optical pulse generation using an optical frequency shifter
Unrepeatered optical transmission of 20 Gbit/s quadrature phase-shift keying signals over 210 km using homodyne phase-diversity receiver and digital signal processing
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- Author(s): R.S. Tucker ; P.C. Ku ; C.J. Chang-Hasnain
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 208 –209
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057426
- Type: Article
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The properties of slow-light optical delay lines, with low group velocity induced by electromagnetically induced transparency, population oscillations and photonic crystal filter structures, are analysed. It is shown that there are fundamental limitations on the delay–bandwidth product and the maximum storage density of data in slow-light devices. - Author(s): Y. Yu ; R. Lewen ; U. Westergren ; L. Thylen ; S. Irmscher ; U. Eriksson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 209 –211
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057840
- Type: Article
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The temperature-dependent effects in a segmented travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator are demonstrated and analysed. Optimum operation voltages with the highest modulation efficiency at different temperatures are identified. This can ensure the modulator working at 50 Gbit/s with RF extinction ratio >8.4 dB between 10–50°C at λ=1540 nm. - Author(s): H. Fukano ; T. Yamanaka ; M. Tamura ; Y. Kondo ; T. Saitoh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 211 –212
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057992
- Type: Article
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A 40 Gbit/s electroabsorption modulator driven by a peak-to-peak voltage as low as 0.79 V has been successfully fabricated. This device showed a 3 dB E/O bandwidth of 46 GHz and a return loss of below −10 dB even at 50 GHz. These excellent characteristics were achieved by employing strain-compensated InGaAlAs/InAlAs multi-quantum-well (MQW) layers with excellent extinction characteristics and by maximising the 3 dB bandwidth, which was achieved by reducing MQW core width and using a polyimide-buried device structure with a low-loss microwave feed line.
Delay–bandwidth product and storage density in slow-light optical buffers
Temperature-dependent effects in high-speed travelling-wave electroabsorption modulators
Very low driving-voltage InGaAlAs/InAlAs electroabsorption modulators operating at 40 Gbit/s
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- Author(s): X. Xin ; F. Yan ; P. Alexandrove ; X. Sun ; C.M. Stahle ; J. Hu ; M. Matsumura ; X. Li ; M. Weiner ; H.J. Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 212 –214
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057320
- Type: Article
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The first 4H-SiC UV single photon counting avalanche photodiode has been designed, fabricated and characterised. Spectral quantum efficiency from 250 to 370 nm is presented. Single photon counting at room temperature is demonstrated for the first time and counting efficiency is reported. - Author(s): P.D. Grant ; R. Dudek ; L. Wolfson ; M. Buchanan ; H.C. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 214 –215
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057428
- Type: Article
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p.
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An integrated quantum well infrared photodetector for ultra-high speed and frequency sensing in the mid-infrared has been developed. The photodetector is mounted on a microwave connector with either a ‘K’ or ‘V’ connector. The device was characterised at a temperature of 100 K by optical heterodyne generation of photocurrent in the frequency range DC to 75 GHz. Photoresponse at 75 GHz was approximately 30% that at DC, indicating very fast performance.
Demonstration of 4H-SiC UV single photon counting avalanche photodiode
Ultra-high frequency monolithically integrated quantum well infrared photodetector up to 75 GHz
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- Author(s): D. Voyer ; H. Aubert ; J. David
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 215 –217
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057319
- Type: Article
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An efficient numerical method is proposed for analysing the electromagnetic scattering on self-similar targets. This method consists of a recursive process based on a scale changing technique and is well-adapted to the computation of the electromagnetic scattering of planar multi-scale objects. As an example the radar cross-section of a log-periodic distribution of metallic rings is presented and discussed.
Radar cross-section of self-similar planar targets
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- Author(s): J. Cui ; W. Wong ; S. Mann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 217 –218
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20056712
- Type: Article
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–218
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Chirplet time-frequency representation has been applied to characterise visual evoked potentials (VEPs) successfully. The approach presented here can represent both transient VEPs and steady-state VEPs clearly. Comparison to the method of short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is reported.
Time-frequency analysis of visual evoked potentials using chirplet transform
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- Author(s): W. Li ; X.Y. Xue ; P.Z. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 4, p. 218 –219
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20056975
- Type: Article
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p.
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A novel robust audio watermarking algorithm is proposed based on music edge detection. The key point lies in the fact that music edges like drum sounds will not be changed much in order to maintain high auditory quality. Experimental results show strong robustness against common audio signal processing and time-domain synchronisation attacks.
Robust audio watermarking based on rhythm region detection
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