Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 40, Issue 13, 24 June 2004
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Volume 40, Issue 13
24 June 2004
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- Author(s): F. Yuan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 789 –790
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040538
- Type: Article
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A new fully differential CMOS current-mode multiplexer where a high multiplexing speed is achieved by performing multiplexing at low-impedance node, and inductive shunt peaking with active inductors is presented. The differential configuration of the multiplexer not only minimises the effect of common-mode disturbances, particularly those coupled from the power and ground rails, but more importantly, the flow of the out currents in the opposite directions minimises the effect of electro-magnetic interference from channels, making the multiplexer particularly attractive for high-speed data transmission over long interconnects and printed circuit board (PCB) traces. The proposed multiplexer also ensures that total current drawn from the supply voltage is constant, thereby minimising the amount of noise injected to the substrate. The multiplexer has been implemented in TSMC's 1.8 V 0.18 µm CMOS technology and analysed using Spectre from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM3.3 v device models. Simulation results demonstrate that the multiplexer offers sufficiently large eye opening when multiplexing at 10 Gbit/s.
Fully differential 8-to-1 current-mode multiplexer for 10 Gbit/s serial links in 0.18 µm CMOS
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- Author(s): G.-Y. Chen and J.-S. Sun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 790 –792
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040557
- Type: Article
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The design and experimental results of a low profile planar dipole antenna with effective channel bandwidth are presented. The matching network of the design with a wider bandwidth tapered microstrip line to overlap the coplanar stripline transition that only provided unbalance to the balanced line created balanced equal power output and phase difference characteristics for the balanced feed dipole element.
Low profile planar dipole antenna
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- Author(s): S. Choi ; B. Lee ; T. Kim ; K. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 792 –793
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040540
- Type: Article
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A new CML-type monostable/bistable logic element IC is fabricated using monolithically integrated resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs) and InP/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The D-flip-flop function of the fabricated circuit is confirmed up to 20 Gbit/s at room temperature. This result indicates the potential of the RTD/HBT technology for high-speed logic applications.
CML-type MOnostable BIstable logic element (MOBILE) using InP-based monolithic RTD/HBT technology
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- Author(s): E. Ampem-Lassen ; A. Roberts ; S.T. Huntington ; K.A. Nugent
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 793 –795
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040543
- Type: Article
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Near-field scanning optical microscopy is used in emission mode to measure the mode profile of singlemode fibre. Excellent agreement is obtained between the mode profile of a singlemode fibre measured using emission and collection modes and qualitative agreement obtained between measurements made on a multimoded fibre and a simple theoretical model. - Author(s): Y. Lu ; I. Dajani ; R.J. Knize
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 795 –796
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040516
- Type: Article
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Periodic ferroelectric domain structures were introduced into lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single-crystal fibres by the electric field poling method using a configuration of direct electrode contact. The fibres were pumped with a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with a CW input power as high as 1 W. The maximum generated second-harmonic signal was 1.6 mW, thus corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 0.016%.
High spatial resolution optical fibre mode profiling
Second-harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium niobate single-crystal fibres
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- Author(s): V. Ponomaryov ; F. Gallegos-Funes ; A. Rosales-Silva
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 796 –798
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040547
- Type: Article
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An adaptive multichannel non-parametric median M-type K-nearest neighbour filter to remove impulsive noise from colour images is presented. This filter uses the VMMKNN algorithm combined with an adaptive non-parametric one. Simulation results indicate that the proposed filter has better restoration performance in comparison with other known colour image filters. - Author(s): J.-C. Huang ; T.-S. Su ; L.-J. Wang ; W.-S. Hsieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 798 –799
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040534
- Type: Article
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A method is proposed for moving-object segmentation using three successive frames. The change detection method is used twice in wavelet domain. After applying the intersect operation, the moving object edge map and further object shape information can be accurately obtained. - Author(s): I.E.G. Richardson and C.S. Kannangara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 799 –801
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040553
- Type: Article
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A new method for subjective assessment of video material is presented. The proposed method incorporates feedback from the test observer enabling a rapid choice of preferred visual quality. Comparison with an established assessment method indicates that the new method produces comparable results in a fraction of the time normally required to carry out subjective quality assessment. - Author(s): Y. Sun and B. Yuan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 801 –802
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040552
- Type: Article
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The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is an important background model of background subtraction methods in moving object detection, and is fit to deal with gradual changes of illumination. To handle sharp changes, hierarchical GMM (HGMM) is proposed as a generic solution which uses state models without temporal correlation on different scales. A new on-line EM algorithm is devised to model new states quickly and accurately. Experiments show that the presented method brings fast adaptation to sharp changes of illumination. - Author(s): B.C. Song and K.W. Chun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 802 –804
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040550
- Type: Article
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802
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A DCT-domain temporal filtering in a video encoder is presented. It is proven that the multiplication of every DCT coefficient in an inter block with a proper weight is equivalent to motion-compensated temporal filtering in the spatial domain for the inter block. Thus, a temporal filtering in the DCT-domain is proposed, which determines properly the weight by using an effective noise estimation scheme.
Adaptive multichannel non-parametric median M-type K-nearest neighbour (AMN-MMKNN) filter to remove impulsive noise from colour images
Double-change-detection method for wavelet-based moving-object segmentation
Fast subjective video quality measurement with user feedback
Hierarchical GMM to handle sharp changes in moving object detection
Motion-compensated temporal filtering for denoising in video encoder
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- Author(s): T. Segawa ; S. Matsuo ; Y. Ohiso ; T. Ishii ; H. Suzuki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 804 –805
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20045130
- Type: Article
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p.
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An apodised sampled grating was fabricated using an InGaAsP/InP deep-ridge waveguide with vertical-groove surface grating for use in a tunable optical filter. The fabricated grating exhibited a comb-like filter response with a relatively wide transmission bandwidth of 52 GHz and a high extinction ratio of 15 dB.
Apodised sampled grating using InGaAsP/InP deep-ridge waveguide with vertical-groove surface grating
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- Author(s): C.G. Leburn ; A.A. Lagatsky ; C.T.A. Brown ; W. Sibbett
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 805 –807
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040530
- Type: Article
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The construction of a compact, high-repetition-rate femtosecond Cr4+:YAG laser is reported. Transform-limited pulses as short as 80 fs were generated at pulse repetition frequencies up to 4 GHz. The femtosecond pulses were tunable from centre wavelengths of 1505 to 1550 nm. - Author(s): M. Kolesnikov ; J. Castillega ; N. Bhandarkar ; N. Stelmakh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 807 –808
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20045010
- Type: Article
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p.
807
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A broad-area laser diode combined with a planar external waveguide cavity operates in the fundamental mode and reshapes the output emission into a circular 15° beam. A 500 µm-long by 40 µm-wide laser diode with uncoated facets coupled with the uncoated ModeReShaper (MRS) planar chip has a coupling efficiency of ∼40% and stabilised the fundamental mode at drive currents up to three-times threshold.
Femtosecond Cr4+:YAG laser with 4 GHz pulse repetition rate
Spatially singlemode broad-area semiconductor laser with planar external cavity
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- Author(s): F. Kuroki ; Y. Murata ; T. Yoneyama
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 808 –810
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040548
- Type: Article
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A filter-based duplexer has been developed for a wireless broadband asymmetric digital subscriber line by using NRD guide technology. The isolation between the transmitter port and the receiver port is more than 45 dB, and the insertion loss is less than 3 dB in the 60 GHz band. - Author(s): G. Parkinson and D.K. Paul
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 810 –811
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040541
- Type: Article
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The distributed amplifier topology has been adapted to form a non-reciprocal coupler which is small in size and broadband. The coupler has been implemented in MMIC form using pHEMT devices and a coupling factor of 5 dB is demonstrated over 2–20 GHz bandwidth.
Filter-based NRD-guide duplexer with low loss and high isolation at 60 GHz
MMIC implementation of non-reciprocal couplers using pHEMT devices
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- Author(s): F. Zhu and M.S. Lim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 811 –813
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040511
- Type: Article
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The performance of the combined beamforming of space-time block coding according to the number of antenna array groups has been analysed. CB_STBC_single array and CB_STBC_double array were compared under the condition of DOA and SNR. CB_STBC_double array is shown to have a stable performance independent of DOA and angular spread. - Author(s): C. Chen and J. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 813 –814
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040562
- Type: Article
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A novel method for integer frequency offset estimation of OFDM systems is derived, which is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) technique and exploits the differential information between two consecutive blocks of OFDM data symbols in the frequency domain. The reason why the proposed ML method has better performance than the conventional method is analysed. - Author(s): W. Wenkun and Z. Yuanping
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 814 –816
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040546
- Type: Article
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814
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A beam-tracking algorithm for downlink transmit beamforming in an FDD CDMA cellular wireless system is investigated. The method takes advantage of the power-controlled system and searches for the beamformer direction corresponding to the minimum transmit power. There is no complex computation needed; thus it simplifies the downlink transmit beamforming system.
Combined beamforming with space-time block coding using double antenna array group
Maximum likelihood method for integer frequency offset estimation of OFDM systems
Transmit beam-tracking algorithm in FDD CDMA cellular wireless system
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- Author(s): N. Kim and H. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 816 –817
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040551
- Type: Article
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The modified uniformly most powerful belief-propagation (UMP-BP) decoding algorithm is proposed. This utilises a new normalisation factor to diminish the error introduced by approximation of the soft values. The proposed algorithm shows better performance than the normalisation UMP-BP algorithm, and has the same complexity of implementation. - Author(s): A. Maaref and S. Aïssa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 817 –819
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040514
- Type: Article
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Space–time block coding (STBC) is a powerful transmit diversity scheme for multiple antenna systems. A closed-form expression for the Shannon capacity of MIMO systems is derived using STBC under independent and quasi-static flat Rayleigh fading channels. The Shannon capacity of STBC over such channels is expressed as a finite sum of functions that are easy to evaluate, thereby avoiding the need for numerical integration or Monte Carlo simulation.
Modified UMP-BP decoding algorithm based on mean square error
Shannon capacity of STBC in Rayleigh fading channels
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- Author(s): K. Mizuuchi ; A. Morikawa ; T. Sugita ; K. Yamamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 819 –820
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040515
- Type: Article
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Reversible resistance change at room temperature by polarisation switching is reported in ferroelectric single crystals. Resistance switching up to six orders of magnitude in Mg-doped LiNbO3 was found. The resistance change is caused by the polarisation switching and increases with Mg concentration. Based on these results, continuous switching properties and memory behaviours were demonstrated.
Polarisation-switching-induced resistance change in ferroelectric Mg-doped LiNbO3 single crystals
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- Author(s): S. Bhandare ; D. Sandel ; A.F. Abas ; B. Milivojevic ; A. Hidayat ; R. Noe ; M. Guy ; M. Lapointe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 821 –822
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040542
- Type: Article
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2×40 Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK transmission over a 263 km fibre link with back-to-back receiver sensitivity of −27.5 dBm and Q factor >20 dB is demonstrated. The experiment demonstrates sufficient resilience against nonlinear phase noise and band limitation in a 40 Gbit/s WDM DEMUX with Q=17.5 dB. - Author(s): Z.W. Zhuang ; D.T. Ma ; J.B. Wei
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 822 –823
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040563
- Type: Article
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A new diversity coding scheme using four transmit apertures, one receive aperture and two detectors is proposed for wireless optical communication with direct detection. Pilot symbols are inserted to the encoding information sequence. Simulations show that the scheme can yield a signal-to-noise ratio gain of 6 dB at 10−4 error probability. - Author(s): Y. Xu and X. Yao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 824 –825
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040525
- Type: Article
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A new and tight lower bound on the number of ADMs with arbitrary nonuniform traffic demands in a SONET/WDM ring network is derived. Simulations show that this lower bound is much tighter than the previous one and for some cases it reaches the infimum. - Author(s): D.F. Grosz ; D.N. Maywar ; A.P. Küng ; A. Agarwal ; S. Banerjee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 825 –827
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040559
- Type: Article
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Non-fibre based in-line dispersion compensation is employed to achieve long-haul transmission of 80 channels at 10.7 Gbit/s bit rate over 1200 km of LEAF fibre. Average system margins of more than 4 dB and small transmission are demonstrated. The additional penalty incurred by the periodic nature of the dispersion compensator is assessed. - Author(s): A.W.L. Chan ; K.L. Lee ; C. Shu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 827 –828
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040513
- Type: Article
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A novel self-starting photonic clock device is proposed. The device generates photonic clock signals passively by utilising cross-phase modulation in a DC biased semiconductor optical amplifier based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) with optical feedback loop(s) and a continuous-wave laser source. Generation of a 950 MHz clock signal is demonstrated. - Author(s): S.-Y. Kim ; J.-S. Lee ; K.-H. Ra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 828 –830
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040545
- Type: Article
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A beat-frequency-locking method to align conventional and ultra-dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) channels simultaneously is presented. This method finds and corrects the channel locations to within ±100 MHz, reading the beat frequencies between a sinusoidally-modulated tunable-laser source output and its adjacent optical channels. With this method, conventional WDM networks can be upgraded very easily by introducing ultra-dense WDM channels.
2×40 Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK transmission with tunable chromatic dispersion compensation in 263 km fibre link
Diversity coding scheme for wireless optical communication with direct detection
Lower bound on number of ADMs in WDM rings with nonuniform traffic demands
Performance of non-fibre based dispersion compensation for long-haul 10.7 Gbit/s DWDM transmission
Self-starting photonic clock using semiconductor optical amplifier based Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Simultaneous beat-frequency locking of conventional and ultra-dense WDM channels using a modulated tunable-laser source
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- Author(s): S. Toyoda ; K. Fujiura ; M. Sasaura ; K. Enbutsu ; A. Tate ; M. Shimokozono ; H. Fushimi ; T. Imai ; K. Manabe ; T. Matsuura ; T. Kurihara ; S.C.J. Lee ; H. de Waardt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 830 –831
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040518
- Type: Article
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An electro-optic (EO) phase modulator with a low driving voltage that uses newly developed KTa1−xNbxO3 buried waveguides is described. The waveguide layers for the core and cladding were formed using liquid phase epitaxy techniques. The propagation loss was less than 0.5 dB/cm and the polarisation-dependent loss was less than 0.1 dB/cm. The EO phase modulator had a low Vπ×L value of <1.5 cm V (4.0 V biased potential) and a fast response of 3 GHz.
KTN-crystal-waveguide-based electro-optic phase modulator with high performance index
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- Author(s): H. Schneider ; T. Maier ; J. Fleissner ; M. Walther ; P. Koidl ; G. Weimann ; W. Cabanski ; M. Finck ; P. Menger ; W. Rode ; J. Ziegler
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 831 –833
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040555
- Type: Article
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A dual-band focal plane array (FPA) for the 8–12 µm and 3–5 µm atmospheric windows with simultaneous integration in both spectral bands on each pixel is reported. The FPA is based on quantum well infrared photodetectors and comprises 384×288 pixels with 40 µm pitch. At 7.6 ms integration time and an f/2 aperture, the FPA achieves excellent thermal resolution with noise-equivalent temperature differences of 17 mK (3–5 µm) and 43 mK (8–12 µm). - Author(s): A. Leven ; V. Houtsma ; R. Kopf ; Y. Baeyens ; Y.-K. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 833 –834
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040522
- Type: Article
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A high-speed layer and process compatible phototransistor based on the authors' InP-based double-heterostructure bipolar transistor technology is presented. By using only the base and a thin base–collector spacer as absorption layer, slow drifting holes in the collector layer are avoided. This results in record optical-gain cutoff frequencies of up to 135 GHz at the expense of intrinsic photodiode responsivity in a top-illuminated configuration.
High-resolution 3–5 µm/8–12 µm dual-band quantum well infrared photodetector array
InP-based double-heterostructure phototransistors with 135 GHz optical-gain cutoff frequency
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- Author(s): Y. Yin ; R. Zane ; R. Erickson ; J. Glaser
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 834 –836
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040556
- Type: Article
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A direct dynamic modelling approach is proposed for envelope signals in resonant inverters. Through decomposition of the modulated input, the small signal transfer functions for envelope signals are then derived, which link the transfer functions of envelope signals to the transfer functions of the resonant tank and simplify analysis and controller design.
Direct modelling of envelope dynamics in resonant inverters
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- Author(s): M. Saitoh and T. Hiramoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 836 –837
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040554
- Type: Article
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Novel highly-functional single-hole transistor (SHT) logic is proposed. An SHT is fabricated which shows Coulomb blockade and negative differential conductance (NDC) due to discrete quantum levels in the ultra-small dot at room temperature. By utilising gate-controllable NDC, exclusive-OR operation is successfully demonstrated in just one SHT at room temperature. - Author(s): A. Rankov ; E. Rodriguez-Villegas ; M.J. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 837 –839
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040504
- Type: Article
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Because of no general noise model in poly-Si TFT technologies, a noise analysis of poly-Si TFT circuits is currently unavailable in any circuit simulator. Therefore it is shown how to make use of the SpectreHDL language for this purpose once the device noise model is extracted from measurement results.
Room-temperature demonstration of highly-functional single-hole transistor logic based on quantum mechanical effect
SpectreHDL as tool for noise analysis of poly-Si TFT circuits
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- Author(s): Y. Liu and W. Mikhael
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 839 –840
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040473
- Type: Article
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A computationally efficient frequency domain independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm (ICA-F), which separates the source signals from the measurements of their convolution mixtures, is proposed. Techniques are developed to solve the permutation and gain ambiguities. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ICA-F algorithm.
Practical frequency domain ICA algorithm capable of solving permutation and gain ambiguities for digital communication system
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- Author(s): W. Soluch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 40, Issue 13, p. 840 –842
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20040528
- Type: Article
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A pseudo surface acoustic wave (PSAW) two-port synchronous resonator on (−74°)YX cut quartz was designed, fabricated and measured. It was found that for the proper resonator structure at a frequency of 163.3 MHz, insertion loss changes were below 1 dB in the temperature range from −20 to 80°C, and the temperature stability of frequency is about five times better than that of the ST cut.
Pseudo surface acoustic wave two-port synchronous resonator on (−74°)YX cut quartz
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