Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 38, Issue 7, 28 March 2002
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Volume 38, Issue 7
28 March 2002
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- Author(s): C.P. Conradi and J.G. McRory
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 301 –302
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020218
- Type: Article
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A LINC transmitter exhibits memoryless amplitude dependent distortion characteristics when gain/phase imbalances are present between the two amplifier branches. Simulation results show that using a complex gain predistorter can correct for the gain/phase imbalances and significantly reduce interference in adjacent channels.
Predistorted LINC transmitter
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- Author(s): G.A. Kougialis and N.G. Riley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 302 –304
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020210
- Type: Article
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Short-term amplitude variations of a tropospheric radio signal are presented and discussed. Radio wave transmissions from Newbury on 46.95 MHz were received at the University of Hull. These fluctuating signals were recorded, edited and finally analysed using time-frequency and regression techniques. - Author(s): S.A. Saario ; J.W. Lu ; D.V. Thiel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 304 –305
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020227
- Type: Article
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An optimal design for a sleeve balun with maximum choking on a coaxial cable is determined using a full-wave body of revolution finite difference time domain method with perfectly matched layer boundary conditions. An analysis of the sensitivity of choke length L and outer diameter R2 on choking effectiveness was carried out. A balun with L=77.5 mm (0.232λ0) and R2=8 mm on a cable with R1=2 mm (R2/R1=4) results in an S21 of −20 dB at 900 MHz and −15.5 dB at 2730 MHz. The isolation of the balun at 900 MHz is quickly degraded as the R2/R1 ratio is reduced below 2. Increasing R2/R1 to 8, results in a reduction of optimum balun length L to approximately 0.215λ0 , approximately 14% shorter than the typical recommended length for an ‘ideal’ quarter-wave balun.
Analysis of observed Doppler fading signal in low-VHF band
Full-wave analysis of choking characteristics of sleeve balun on coaxial cables
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- Author(s): Y. Kawano ; Y. Ohno ; S. Kishimoto ; K. Maezawa ; T. Mizutani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 305 –306
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020222
- Type: Article
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An ultra-high-speed frequency divider using a resonant tunnelling chaos circuit is fabricated, which monolithically integrates a resonant tunnelling diode and a high electron mobility transistor. This frequency divider is based on the long-period behaviour of the nonlinear circuits generating chaos. The various frequency dividing operations are observed at the input frequency of 50 GHz. Chaotic operation is also observed.
50 GHz frequency divider using resonant tunnelling chaos circuit
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- Author(s): V.M. Schneider and J.A. West
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 306 –307
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020232
- Type: Article
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The behaviour of a dispersion compensating fibre is expressed by three simple parameters based on the supermode theory and compared to measurements. Dispersion and dispersion slope can be described by these parameters, regardless of the profile. - Author(s): G. Curatu ; S. LaRochelle ; C. Paré ; P.-A. Bélanger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 307 –309
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020246
- Type: Article
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A 10 mm Bragg grating with a 0.18 nm (peak-to-peak) spectral response was designed to shape a train of 7 ps Gaussian pulses into antisymmetric Hermite–Gauss pulses. The pulses were characterised in the frequency and time domain. The presence of the phase shift was verified by propagation in standard fibre. - Author(s): T. Kleine-Ostmann ; P. Knobloch ; R. Caspary ; M. Hofmann ; M. Koch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 309 –310
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020211
- Type: Article
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A new external laser cavity design that allows for wavelength tuning and controlled simultaneous two-mode oscillation is demonstrated for a fibre laser. The gain bandwidth and the position of the gain maximum are determined from the tunability and the minimum threshold, respectively. Two-mode oscillation is shown for different mode wavelength spacings. - Author(s): C. Kerbage ; P. Steinvurzel ; A. Hale ; R.S. Windeler ; B.J. Eggleton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 310 –312
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020233
- Type: Article
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An approach is presented for manipulating and tuning birefringence in a microstructured photonic crystal optical fibre. This is accomplished by filling certain airholes with an index tunable polymer which creates a tunable asymmetry in the index profile of the cladding. It is also demonstrated that fibre waveguides with three- and sixfold symmetry exhibit minimal birefringence. - Author(s): Donghui Zhao ; Xuewen Shu ; Lin Zhang ; I. Bennion
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 312 –313
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020224
- Type: Article
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A novel and simple sensor interrogation scheme for fibre Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensing systems is demonstrated. In this scheme, a chirped FBG-based Sagnac loop is used as a wavelength-dependent receiver, and a stable and linear readout response is realised. It is a significant advantage of this scheme that the sensitivity and the measurement wavelength range can be easily adjusted by controlling the chirp of the FBG or using an optical delay line in the Sagnac loop.
Analysis of wideband dispersion slope compensating optical fibres by supermode theory
Antisymmetric pulse generation using phase-shifted fibre Bragg grating
Dual-wavelength fibre laser
Microstructured optical fibre with tunable birefringence
Sensor interrogation technique using chirped fibre grating based Sagnac loop
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- Author(s): Guihong Qu ; Dali Zhang ; Pingfan Yan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 313 –315
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020212
- Type: Article
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Mutual information is proposed as an information measure for evaluating image fusion performance. The proposed measure represents how much information is obtained from the input images. No assumption is made regarding the nature of the relation between the intensities in both input modalities. The results show that the measure is meaningful and explicit. - Author(s): V. Gruev and R. Etienne-Cummings
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 315 –317
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020158
- Type: Article
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A 189×182 active pixel sensor for temporal difference computation is presented. The temporal difference imager, fabricated in AMI 0.5 µm process, contains in-pixel storage elements for previous and current frames. A pipelined architecture for difference readout is implemented, allowing >200 fps, 42 dB signal-to-noise ratio images and 8-bit precision of the difference image. The chip consumes 30 mW at 50 fps from 5 V power supply. - Author(s): T. Kwok ; J.J. Zhong ; T. Wilkinson ; W.A. Crossland
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 317 –318
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020248
- Type: Article
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The design and simulation results of a new readout circuit for a CMOS active pixel image sensor are presented. This scheme removes the fixed pattern noise and reduces the signal degradation while offering an increase in readout speed, compared with the conventional approach.
Information measure for performance of image fusion
Pipelined temporal difference imager
Readout circuit for CMOS active pixel image sensor
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- Author(s): T. Nikolaidis and C. Papadas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 318 –319
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020235
- Type: Article
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A novel transmission gate switch is proposed to effectively replace electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection resistors in CMOS I/O pads. The proposed circuit exhibits a very low on resistance, under normal operation, and a very high off resistance, in the case of ESD stresses. A triple-well CMOS implementation guarantees RF operation and enhanced ESD reliability.
Transmission gate switch for ESD protection of RF pad
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- Author(s): T. Bakke ; C.T. Sullivan ; S.D. Mukherjee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 319 –321
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020225
- Type: Article
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Design, fabrication and characterisation of a polymeric optical spot-size transformer formed by a laterally tapered, buried core is described. Only standard photolithography and dry etching have been used to fabricate this transformer. A fibre to waveguide insertion loss of 0.7 dB has been measured, compared to 2.5 dB without the transformer.
Polymeric buried core adiabatic optical spot-size transformer
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- Author(s): K. Paschke ; T. Reiche ; G. Erbert ; R. Güther ; J. Fricke ; F. Bugge ; J. Sebastian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 321 –322
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020230
- Type: Article
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p.
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A hybrid master oscillator power amplifier is realised on a small area less than 100 mm2 combining an α-DFB-laser as master oscillator and a broad area laser as power amplifier. A quasi-cw output power of P=1.6 W at the wavelength λ=1057 nm is achieved with a beam quality factor M 2 less than 2 and a spectral width less than 6 pm. - Author(s): A. Ramakrishnan ; G. Steinle ; D. Supper ; C. Degen ; G. Ebbinghaus
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 322 –324
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020226
- Type: Article
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The authors report an electrically pumped MOVPE-grown VCSEL on GaAs substrate with a GaInNAs active region emitting singlemode at 1293 nm with record characteristics. Continuous wave output power at room temperature with 1.4 mW, a threshold current of 1.25 mA and a data transmission rate of 10 Gbit/s has been realised. - Author(s): S. Bjurshagen ; D. Evekull ; R. Koch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 324 –325
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020209
- Type: Article
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Efficient operation of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser at 938.5 nm is reported. A continuous wave output power of 3.9 W is obtained. Single-pass frequency doubling in periodically poled KTP delivered a power of 88 mW at 469 nm. By intracavity frequency doubling an output of 200 mW in the blue region is achieved. - Author(s): S.R. Jin ; R. Fehse ; S.J. Sweeney ; G. Knowles ; A.R. Adams ; E.P. O'Reilly ; H. Riechert ; S. Illek ; A.Yu. Egorov ; P.J.A. Thijs ; T. Uchida ; T. Fujii
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 325 –327
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020217
- Type: Article
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The accurate experimental determination of the modal refractive index of 1.3 µm InGaAsP, AlGaInAs and GaInNAs multiple quantum-well lasers by measuring the longitudinal mode separation up to a pressure of 15 kbar is reported for the first time. A small increase of the indices is observed for the three materials with increasing pressure, which causes a decrease of lasing wavelength.
1.6 W hybrid master oscillator power amplifier with α-DFB-laser as master oscillator at 1057 nm
Electrically pumped 10 Gbit/s MOVPE-grown monolithic 1.3 μm VCSEL with GaInNAs active region
Generation of blue light at 469 nm by efficient frequency doubling of diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser
Modal refractive index of 1.3 lµm InGaAsP, AlGaInAs and GaInNAs semiconductor lasers under high hydrostatic pressure
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- Author(s): P.G. Huggard ; B.N. Ellison ; P. Shen ; N.J. Gomes ; P.A. Davies ; W. Shillue ; A. Vaccari ; J.M. Payne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 327 –328
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020202
- Type: Article
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A 70 GHz bandwidth commercial photodiode has been used to create a photomixer source of radiation at frequencies from 70 GHz to above 600 GHz. The waveguide source is driven by two 1.55 µm lasers and delivers a peak, nonsaturated, power of −7.5 dBm at 110 GHz with a power conversion efficiency above 1%. Detected power decreases approximately as 1/(frequency)4 above 150 GHz.
Generation of millimetre and sub-millimetre waves by photomixing in 1.55 µm wavelength photodiode
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- Author(s): Y. Yamada ; S.-I. Nakagawa ; Y. Kurosawa ; T. Kawazawa ; H. Taga ; K. Goto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 328 –330
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020231
- Type: Article
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2 Tbit/s (200 WDM×10 Gbit/s) transmission over 9240 km using only a C-band erbium-doped fibre amplifier is demonstrated. A vestigial sideband modulation scheme was adopted to realise 0.15 nm channel separation. Ultra-high spectral efficiency of 53% was achieved. All channels showed better than 9 dB Q-factor, which can be corrected to less than 10−9 BER after OSW Super forward error correction. - Author(s): A. Kasbari ; Ph. André ; J. Godin ; A. Konczykowska
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 330 –331
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020241
- Type: Article
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A D-type flip-flop (MS D-FF) fabricated in a self-aligned InP DHBT technology is presented. 40 Gbit/s on-wafer measurements (limited by measurement setup) show good rise/fall times, low time jitter, as well as important regenerating capabilities. Some important design aspects are highlighted. - Author(s): N. Kikuchi ; Y. Shibata ; H. Okamoto ; Y. Kawaguchi ; S. Oku ; H. Ishii ; Y. Yoshikuni ; Y. Tohmori
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 331 –332
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020237
- Type: Article
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A novel configuration, which can reduce the number of gates in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channel selector, is proposed. A monolithically integrated 64-channel selector is realised with only 16 optical gates. Selecting operation for all 64 channels was confirmed and zero insertion loss was achieved for almost all channels.
2 Tbit/s (200×10 Gbit/s) over 9240 km transmission experiment with 0.15 nm channel spacing using VSB format
40 Gbit/s master-slave D-type flip-flop in InP DHBT technology
Monolithically integrated 64-channel WDM channel selector with novel configuration
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- Author(s): T. Furuta ; H. Fushimi ; T. Yasui ; Y. Muramoto ; H. Kamioka ; H. Mawatari ; H. Fukano ; T. Ishibashi ; H. Ito
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 332 –334
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020213
- Type: Article
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The reliability of InP/InGaAs uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes has been studied. A failure rate of 42 FIT at 25°C was estimated from long-term bias-temperature stress tests. Stable operations for over 2000 h were also confirmed under higher-power optical input conditions. - Author(s): S. Bauer ; O. Brox ; J. Kreissl ; G. Sahin ; B. Sartorius
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 334 –335
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020228
- Type: Article
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A novel device for tunable optical microwave generation is presented. The capability to tune the microwave frequency as well as the locking characteristics of the developed device are experimentally investigated.
Highly reliable uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes for 40 Gbit/s optical transmission systems
Optical microwave source
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- Author(s): F. Yan ; C. Qin ; J.H. Zhao ; M. Weiner ; B.K. Ng ; J.P.R. David ; R.C. Tozer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 335 –336
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020216
- Type: Article
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4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes edge terminated by a 2° positive bevel have been fabricated and characterised. Low leakage current, positive temperature dependence of breakdown voltage, high avalanche gain and very low noise have been achieved.
Low-noise visible-blind UV avalanche photodiodes with edge terminated by 2° positive bevel
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- Author(s): H.J. Callow ; M.P. Hayes ; P.T. Gough
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 336 –338
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020219
- Type: Article
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As synthetic aperture sonar and radar systems are operated at higher platform velocities, spatial undersampling becomes an increasing problem. This is most often countered by using an array of spatially separated receivers. Here, a modified form of the standard wavenumber (range mitigation algorithm, ω-k, seismic migration) algorithm to account for the increased number of receiver channels is reported.
Wavenumber domain reconstruction of SAR/SAS imagery using single transmitter and multiple-receiver geometry
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- Author(s): O.K. Tonguz and A. Xhafa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 338 –339
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020229
- Type: Article
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It is shown that dynamic priority queuing provides better overall handover performance than the widely employed guard channel method in cellular networks. - Author(s): M.A.K. Sumanasena ; B.G. Evans ; R. Tafazolli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 339 –341
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020234
- Type: Article
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A novel technique is proposed and evaluated for the estimation of the Rice factor, K, for use in a mobile satellite air interface based on the distribution for the envelope of a received signal over a Rice fading channel with additive white Gaussian noise. - Author(s): J. Pérez-Romero ; O. Sallent ; R. Agustı́
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 341 –342
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020206
- Type: Article
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In the framework of 3G systems, the adoption of efficient packet scheduling algorithms is necessary to guarantee QoS as well as to provide high capacity. It is shown that for proper system optimisation, different packet scheduling strategies should be used depending on the deployment scenario (macrocell, microcell, picocell), the link direction (uplink or downlink), as well as the service characteristics (continuous, bursty traffic).
Improving handover performance in wireless networks: dynamic priority queuing versus guard channel method
Rice factor estimation for mobile satellite adaptive air interface
Traffic and physical layer effects on packet scheduling design in W-CDMA systems
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- Author(s): A. Boukabache and P. Pons
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 342 –343
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020221
- Type: Article
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Doping effects on the thermal behaviour of a silicon resistor are studied using different models of hole mobility. The results indicate that the two thermal coefficients of the resistor are strongly dependent on doping concentration. For the first-order coefficient α, there is a minimal value (∼250 ppm/°C) for a particular doping concentration (∼4×1018 cm−3); for the second-order coefficient β, its value decrease monotonously according to doping concentration, until zero. - Author(s): Y.S. Jalili ; P.N. Stavrinou ; J.S. Roberts ; G. Parry
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 343 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020236
- Type: Article
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The first observation of electro-absorption in a InGaAsN-GaAs single quantum well pin-diode structure is reported. Clear excitonic resonances were observed at room temperature at 1150 nm and a strong Stark shift is obtained for applied fields of up to 2.6×107 V/m. The field induced changes in refractive index were calculated at 1300 and 1550 nm and it is concluded that low voltage phase modulators could be fabricated using this material. - Author(s): S. Maimon ; K.L. Averett ; X. Wu ; M.W. Koch ; G.W. Wicks
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 344 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020214
- Type: Article
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The first InAlAs/InAs heterojunction bipolar transistors are reported. A current gain of 100 at room temperature is measured. The base-collector junction is an InAs pn homojunction, which is optimised to have low reverse leakage at room temperature. The emitter is pseudomorphic AlInAs, linearly graded to increase the barrier which inhibits hole injection into the emitter.
Doping effects on thermal behaviour of silicon resistor
Electro-absorption and electro-refraction in InGaAsN quantum well structures
InAs-based heterojunction bipolar transistors
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- Author(s): Yong-Soo Choi and Dae-Hee Youn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 346 –347
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020245
- Type: Article
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A fast harmonic estimation method for low bit rate harmonic speech coders is presented. Original harmonic frequencies with some variations are shifted to fixed synthetic harmonic frequencies by an adjustment value at each harmonic band. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the complexity of the conventional fractional pitch method while maintaining the performance. - Author(s): A. Nazer and F. Alajaji
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 347 –349
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020242
- Type: Article
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The reliable communication of FS CELP 1016 encoded speech over very noisy channels is investigated. Using second-order Markov chains it is shown that over one-quarter of the CELP bits in every frame of speech are redundant. An unequal error protection coding scheme, which exploits this residual redundancy, is proposed for sending the CELP parameters over Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels. Simulations indicate substantial coding gains over conventional systems.
Fast harmonic estimation method for harmonic speech coders
Unequal error protection and source-channel decoding of CELP speech
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- Author(s): L. Meng and Q.H. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 349 –350
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020240
- Type: Article
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A new error-centre-based algorithm for support vector machine training is proposed. While the standard techniques require a memory space growing quadratically with the problem size, the new algorithm requires only a linearly growing memory space and may thus be applied to much larger data sets compared with the standard techniques.
Error-centre-based algorithm for support vector machine training
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- Author(s): A. Stepanenko ; C.C. Constantinou ; T.N. Arvanitis ; K. Baughan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 7, p. 350 –351
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20020239
- Type: Article
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The assumption that Internet traffic is of a self-similar nature in the core of large-scale networks is questioned. Actual traces originating from the NASA Ames Internet Exchange are analysed statistically to reveal that during busy times the traffic acquires strong quasi-Markovian properties.
Statistical properties of core network Internet traffic
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