Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 25, Issue 14, 6 July 1989
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Volume 25, Issue 14
6 July 1989
Improved source corrected analysis of speech by glottal endpoint preconditioning
- Author(s): M.M. Thomson and B.J. Guillemin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 881 –882
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890591
- Type: Article
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An improved method of source corrected analysis of speech is presented, based on preconditioning of the initial glottal endpoint estimates. We show why the existing algorithm sometimes fails to converge and how this may be avoided by modifying the initial endpoint estimates so that they lie between their true positions.
Stability measure for decentralised control
- Author(s): A.A. Abdul-Wahab
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 882 –883
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890592
- Type: Article
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A decomposition approach for the stabilisation of a class of linear time-invariant multivariable systems, in which the inputs to various subsystems are uncoupled, is investigated. Sufficient conditions are derived for stability of the composite system in the presence of perturbations. An upper bound is found for the stability of the overall interconnected system.
Densely spaced fdm optical coherent system with near quantum-limited sensitivity and computer-controlled random access channel selection
- Author(s): B. Glance ; T.L. Koch ; O. Scaramucci ; K.C. Reichmann ; L.D. Tzeng ; U. Koren ; C.A. Burrus
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 883 –885
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890593
- Type: Article
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An FDM coherent optical network consisting of six 200 Mbit/s-FSK channels spaced by 2.2 GHz, is reported. Receiver sensitivity of 74photons/bit for a BER of 10−9 is obtained. The channels are randomly accessed by computer control. The system has the potential to provide a throughput of 2000 Gbit/s.
16-channel optical FDM distribution/transmission experiment utilising Er3+-doped fibre amplifier
- Author(s): H. Toba ; K. Inoue ; N. Shibata ; K. Nosu ; K. Iwatsuki ; N. Takato ; M. Shimizu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 885 –887
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890594
- Type: Article
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A 16-channel optical FDM distribution/transmission experiment at around 1534nm wavelength is demonstrated utilising an Er3+-loped fibre amplifier. 16 intensity-modulated optical signals at 622 Mbit/s were amplified simultaneously at a gain of 15.2–18.5 dB. One of the amplified signals is selected using the waveguide frequency selection switch and directly detected with a receiver sensitivity of −38 dBm (Pa=10−9).
Parallel architecture for high-speed Viterbi decoding of convolutional codes
- Author(s): Y.F. Zhang and P. Csillag
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 887 –888
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890595
- Type: Article
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A parallelisation algorithm of decoding convolutional codes with the Viterbi algorithm is presented. The architecture of parallel decoding analysed here suits the VLSI realisation very well and allows high-speed decoding.
10 GHz GaAs JFET dual-modulus prescaler IC
- Author(s): J. Kasahara ; M. Wada ; H. Kawasaki ; Y. Hida ; A. Okubora
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 889 –890
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890596
- Type: Article
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A divide-by−256/258 dual-modulus prescaler IC has been successfully fabricated using enhancement-mode GaAs JFETs. The maximum operation frequency of 10.4GHz is obtained by a 0.5μm gate length and buried p-layer JFET technology. The prescaler IC has sufficient operational margin to make it compatible with Si bipolar ECL circuits over a wide frequency range.
Tunable multiple-quantum-well distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers as tunable narrowband receivers
- Author(s): T.L. Koch ; F.S. Choa ; F. Heismann ; U. Koren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 890 –892
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890597
- Type: Article
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We report a tunable receiver based on a MQW-DBR laser biased just below threshold. The device simultaneously integrates the functions of a tunable filter, optical amplifier, photodetectorand, if desired, an FSK discriminator. Using identical devices for both a transmitter and a receiver, we demonstrate FSK transmission up to 250 Mbit/s with sensitivities in the ˜- 30dBm range for 10−9 BER. Speed is limited by the transmitter FM response, and independentspeed measurements indicate a detection bandwidth of at least 1.7 GHz.
Scaling of GaAs/AlGaAs laser diodes for submilliampere threshold current
- Author(s): E. Marclay ; D.J. Arent ; C. Harder ; H.P. Meier ; W. Walter ; D.J. Webb
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 892 –893
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890598
- Type: Article
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GaAs/AlGaAs lasers grown by a single-step MBE on grooved substrates have been used to investigate the scaling of lasers for very low threshold current. By tuning the facet reflectivity and the laser length, to keep the photon lifetime constant, it has been possible to scale down the threshold current to 0.65 mA without changing the external efficiency.
Bayes error probability with inaccurate decision threshold
- Author(s): D. Kazakos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 894 –895
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890599
- Type: Article
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Wideband optical image rejection receiver and its crosstalk penalty
- Author(s): T. Naito ; T. Chikama ; S. Watanabe ; H. Kuwahara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 895 –896
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890600
- Type: Article
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We have demonstrated an optical-frequency image rejection receiver with more than 18 dB suppression over the 1.5– 3.0GHz IF region. The measured crosstalk penalties were less than l.4 dB in a 2-channel 56OMbit/s DPSK heterodyne opticalcommunication system.
Stochastic relaxation algorithm for improved vector quantiser design
- Author(s): K. Zeger and A. Gersho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 896 –898
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890601
- Type: Article
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An easily implementable stochastic relaxation algorithm for vector quantisation design is given. It generalises the usual Lloyd iteration in codebook design by perturbing the computed entroids with independent multidimensional noise, whose variance diminishes as the algorithm progresses. A significant improvement is often achieved.
Injection transistor logic (ITL): new bipolar low-power inverter
- Author(s): V.I. Arshinov and E.V. Vecshina
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 898 –899
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890602
- Type: Article
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We investigate the characteristics of a new injection transistor logic (ITL) fabricated by vapour-phase epitaxy and ion implantation. The maximum current gain of the Si-ITL inverter is about 150. The propagation delay tpd was determined by the ring oscillator and maximum frequency method. At a power of 100 μW per gate for this inverter, tpdis about 500 ps and 850 ps for 60 μW. In the high-speed ITL structure tpdis about 300 ps for 120 μW.
Single-mode low-loss buried optical waveguide bends in GaInAsP/InP fabricated by dry etching
- Author(s): J. Singh ; I. Henning ; M. Harlow ; S. Cole
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 899 –900
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890603
- Type: Article
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Low-loss single-mode buried optical waveguide bends in MOVPE-grown InP-based materials are reported. Reactive ion etching (RIE) was used to fabricate the curves which were subsequently buried in InP to reduce optical losses and to control the number of lateral guided modes. Losses as low as 11 dB for 200 μm radius of curvature and 0.3 dB for 300 μm radius of curvature have been measured using TE-polarised light at 1.553 μm wavelength.
GaAs/AlGaAs grating surface-emitting diode lasers on Si substrates
- Author(s): J. Connolly ; N. Dinkel ; R. Menna ; J. Andrews
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 901 –902
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890604
- Type: Article
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A monolithic grating surface-emitting, GaAs/AlGaAs, separate-confinement-heterostructure, single-quantum-well diode laser has been fabricated on a Si substrate using a single-step metalorganic chemical vapour deposition process. An output power of 30 mW has been obtained under pulsed operation with a peak emission wavelength of 885 nm.
Calculation of bit error rate in DPSK system with interfering echoes from optical amplifier chain
- Author(s): E. Patzak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 902 –904
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890605
- Type: Article
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The bit error rate degradation due to echoes caused by cascaded nearly travelling wave amplifiers in an optical DPSK-heterodyne transmission system is calculated. Using these results, an estimate is derived for the maximal allowable facet reflectivity in dependence of the number of in-line optical amplifiers.
Study on Bi-CMOS devices utilising SIMOX technology
- Author(s): S. Matsumoto ; T. Ohno ; K. Izumi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 904 –905
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890606
- Type: Article
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A fundamental Bi-CMOS process based on SIMOX technology that can implement both CMOS/SIMOX and npnbipolar/bulk transistors on the same chip is described. The CMOS and npn-bipolar transistors, fabricated on separate substrates to verify the feasibility of this process, exhibited satisfactory operational characteristics.
Lasing wavelengths of index-guided AlGaInP semiconductor lasers as functions of off-angle from (100) plane of GaAs substrate
- Author(s): T. Tanaka ; S. Minagawa ; T. Kawano ; T. Kajimura
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 905 –907
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890607
- Type: Article
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The lasing wavelengths of AIGalnP semiconductor lasers are investigated as functions of the off-angle in the direction of [110] from the (100) plane of the GaAs substrate. The lasing wavelengths decrease to about 650nm as the off-angle increases to 10–15°. The influence of the off-angle on the laser transverse mode is also discussed.
Piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate coatings on metallic wires
- Author(s): G. Yi ; M. Sayer ; Z. Wu ; C.K. Jen ; J.F. Bussiere
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 907 –908
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890608
- Type: Article
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Acoustic measurements of thin piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films coated on metallic wires are presented. These experiments have demonstrated that PZT coatings fabricated by a sol-gel process can be not only coated on curved metal substrates for high-frequency focused ultrasonic transducer applications, but also on metallic wires with a long coating length for low-frequency acoustic vibrators.
ASK coherent optical communications systems: simplified analysis
- Author(s): L.G. Kazovsky ; O.K. Tonguz ; D.G. Daut
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 908 –910
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890609
- Type: Article
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We present a simple approximate analysis of ASK coherent optical communications systems and obtain, for the first time, a closed-form estimate of the bit error rate. The inaccuracy introduced by the approximate analysis is about 0.4 dB. The main application of the presented theory is expected to be in the analysis of practical imperfections (such as a finite IF filter bandwidth and a nonzero laser linewidth) on the system performance.
High-gain, broad spectral bandwidth erbium-doped fibre amplifier pumped near 1.5μm
- Author(s): C.G. Atkins ; J.F. Massicott ; J.R. Armitage ; R. Wyatt ; B.J. Ajnslie ; S.P. Craig-Ryan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 910 –911
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890610
- Type: Article
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A small-signal gain exceeding 25 dB, and a 3dB spectral bandwidth of 35 nm around 1.545μm are obtained for an erbium-doped silica fibre amplifier pumped in the short wavelength wing of the 1.5μm absorption band.
Very accurate current divider
- Author(s): J. Robert ; P. Deval ; G. Wegmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 912 –913
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890611
- Type: Article
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This letter presents a new current divider principle based on CMOS dynamic current sources. The proposed method is characterised by very accurate current division without any matching requirements or component trimmings. Among the different applications of this new principle, the D/A conversion field is probably the most important.
Potential of stimulated Brillouin scattering as sensing mechanism for distributed temperature sensors
- Author(s): D. Culverhouse ; F. Farahi ; C.N. Pannell ; D.A. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 913 –915
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890612
- Type: Article
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It is demonstrated that stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) occurring in the core of an optical fibre may be used in the construction of a distributed temperature sensor. Initial experiments with a length of fibre have shown that the sensitivity of the Stokes frequency to temperature is approximately 5.5MHz/°C and that different Stokes frequencies may be observed according to the temperature distribution along the fibre.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering: a means to realise tunable microwave generator or distributed temperature sensor
- Author(s): D. Culverhouse ; F. Farahi ; C.N. Pannell ; D.A. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 915 –916
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890613
- Type: Article
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Experimental data are presented which show for the first time that the back-scattered signals independently generated by stimulated Brillouin scattering in two separate optical fibres may be mixed to produce narrowband radio-frequency signals. This mechanism can be exploited for microwave generation and distributed temperature sensing.
Analysis of linewidth of separated-electrode DFB laser diode
- Author(s): K. Kikuchi and H. Tomofuji
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 916 –918
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890614
- Type: Article
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We present a new linewidth formula for DFB lasers, which includes the spatial hole burning effect. The linewidth of DFB lasers with three separated electrodes is calculated in various bias conditions. The optimum bias condition is discussed to obtain a narrow linewidth.
Hierarchical phoneme recognition by hidden Markov models based on multiple feature integration
- Author(s): Y. Ariki ; F.R. McInnes ; M.A. Jack
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 918 –919
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890615
- Type: Article
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A method of hierarchical phoneme recognition which utilises the most selective features for each individual phoneme is reported. Input speech patterns are classified into broad classes on the basis of LPC-derived cepstral data. Then, the speech is further classified to a fine-class level using melformant data for vowel models only. Hidden Markov models (HMM) are used at both levels of classification.
Polarimetric resonator sensor with high sensitivity and large dynamic range
- Author(s): F. Maystre and R. Dändliker
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 919 –921
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890616
- Type: Article
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A new optoelectronic system which converts the variations of birefringence induced inside an optical resonator into an optical phase difference with a linear response over many periods is presented. This system has been applied to measure the static force by stress-induced birefringence in a fibre-optic Fabry-Perot resonator.
Explaining reversal in half a population of magnetic dipoles
- Author(s): D. Midgley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 921 –922
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890617
- Type: Article
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At a critical magnetic field certain dipole arrays surprisingly switch from full to half-alignment. The result is explicable by mutual inductance calculations for expanding current-loopdipoles. A known triangular lattice configuration becomes energetically unfavourable as its loops expand and nearly touch. Mutual inductance plunges negatively as opposed current-elements near the touching point.
Preliminary aging tests on 1.5 μm band multiple-quantum-well distributed-feedback laser diodes grown by MOVPE
- Author(s): M. Kitamura ; T. Sasaki ; S. Takano ; H. Yamada ; H. Hasumi ; I. Mito
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 922 –923
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890618
- Type: Article
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The letter reports the first encouraging results from preliminary aging tests of 1.5 μm band multiple-quantum-well distributed-feedback laser diodes, grown on InP grating substrate by metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy. The devices operated stably in 50°C−5 mW−6000 h and 70°C−5 mW−4000 h autopower control accelerated aging tests.
Monotonic-based digital filter for 1st-order Σ-Δ modulators
- Author(s): J. Robert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 923 –925
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890619
- Type: Article
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Applied to A/D convenors, Σ-Δ modulation offers high resolution without significant components matching requirements. This property involves a conversion speed reduction owing to the digital filtering of the Σ-Δ modulator output. A new FIR filter is presented. Its impulse response is determined by some considerations based on the convertor monotonicity.
Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of short-wavelength GaInP/AlGaInP laser grown on (511)A GaAs substrate by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy
- Author(s): S. Minagawa ; T. Tanaka ; M. Kondow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 925 –926
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890620
- Type: Article
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GaInP/AlGaInP gain-guided lasers on (511)A GaAs substrates are shown to lase at a short wavelength corresponding to the absence of bandgap shrinkage of crystals grown on this substrate. Some properties of this laser under roomtemperature CW operation are reported.
Long-term loss stability of dispersion-shifted single-mode fibres exposed to hydrogen
- Author(s): A. Iino ; J. Tamura ; S. Sentsui ; Y. Namihira
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 926 –927
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890621
- Type: Article
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Hydrogen-induced-losses due to the reaction at 4°C after 25 yr were estimated by chemical kinetics in dispersionshifted and standard fibres. The loss increases at 1.3 and 1.55μm were negligibly small in both fibres, although exposure to hydrogen at 1 atm was assumed.
Techniques for bit error rate measurement using Chebyshev inequality
- Author(s): B. Stevan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 927 –929
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890622
- Type: Article
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Techniques for bit error rate (BER) measurement using either a fixed-length test sequence or a fixed number of received errors are presented in this letter. Expressions for the number of bits in the test sequence and the number of errors at the receiving side are derived.
Infra-red intraband absorption detectors with etched 35° mesa facets for vertically incident light
- Author(s): W. Dobbelaere ; M. van Hove ; K. Deneffe ; J. de Boeck ; R. Mertens ; G. Borghs
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 929 –930
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890623
- Type: Article
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We report for the first time on GaAs/AlGaAs intraband absorption detectors that are able to detect vertically incident long-wavelength infra-red light (8μm) through etched 35° mesa facets. With 2 V bias voltage we obtained responsivities of 0.06A/W at 77K and 0.11 A/W at 40K and dark current densities of 19pA/μm2 at 77 K and 0.24pA/μm2 at40K.
High spatial resolution photo-oxidation of a-Si:C at low temperatures H films
- Author(s): P. John ; A. Qayyum ; J.I.B. Wilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 930 –932
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890624
- Type: Article
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Ultraviolet illumination of hydrogenated amorphous siliconcarbon alloys, a-Si:C:H, produces oxide patterns with a resolution better than 5μm. Notably, the photoinduced oxidation occurs at temperatures less than 50°C for a-Si:C:H films with a carbon content > 30 atomic %. Possible applications include photolithography, apertured membranes, archival optical storage and gate insulators for thin-film transistors.
High-performance coherent optical communication system
- Author(s): B. Glance ; L.D. Tzeng ; T.L. Koch ; O. Scaramucci ; K.C. Reichmann ; U. Koren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 932 –933
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890625
- Type: Article
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The letter reports a high-performance FSK. coherent optical communication system operating at 200Mbit/s at a wavelength of 1.53μm. The received optical power needed to obtain a BER of 10−9 is equal to −57.2dBm or 74photons/ bit, which is 1.7 dB from the shot noise limit The result is obtained using monolithic frequency-tunable lasers and a high-sensitivity balanced photoreceiver.
Three-crystal X-ray scan simulation of superlattice structures using Abeles-Takagi dynamic approach
- Author(s): M.C. Shrivastava and S. Swaminathan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 933 –934
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890626
- Type: Article
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Computer simulation of the three-crystal X-ray scan of the (400) reflection is presented for a superlaltice structure. The model used is a combination of Takagi-Taupin's method and Abeles' matrix method for the calculation of reflectivities from the substrate and superlattice periods, respectively. An experimental three-crystal θ-2θ profile of a GalnAs/lnP superlattice reported in the literature has been simulated using this new dynamic model and the results are compared with those obtained from the kinematic step model.
Study of groove nonradiative dielectric waveguide
- Author(s): C.E. Tong and R. Blundell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 934 –936
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890627
- Type: Article
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We present the results of a study of a new type of dielectric waveguide, the groove nonradiative dielectric (GNRD) waveguide. Theoretical studies and experimental investigation have been used to characterise this groove dielectric configuration, which appears most promising for millimetre-wave circuit applications.
Three-junction device simulation model
- Author(s): A. Brambilla and E. Dallago
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, p. 936 –937
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890628
- Type: Article
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A numerical model of a three-junction device (pnpn family) is presented. It particularly allows the simulation of the external characteristics of the gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) which is used in electronic power convertors. The model is an extension of the Ebers-Moll model and it is implemented (built) in the SPICE circuit simulator code.
Erratum: Optical phase retardation of Lorentzian force-type fibre-optic magnetic sensor
- Author(s): H. Okamura
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 14, page: 937 –937
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19890629
- Type: Article
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54 Gbit/s OOK transmission using single-mode VCSEL up to 2.2 km MMF
- Author(s): G. Stepniak ; A. Lewandowski ; J.R. Kropp ; N.N. Ledentsov ; V.A. Shchukin ; N. Ledentsov Jr. ; G. Schaefer ; M. Agustin ; J.P. Turkiewicz
- Type: Article
