Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 23, Issue 12, 4 June 1987
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Volume 23, Issue 12
4 June 1987
Technique for fast and accurate prediction of antenna far-field patterns
- Author(s): K.S. Farhat
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 609 –610
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870436
- Type: Article
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A technique for the fast prediction of antenna far-field patterns is described in which a pillbox antenna is used as the probe. The processing involves transformation of 1-D arrays, and the validation is provided by comparing the measured and predicted patterns of a parabolic reflector.
Adaptive image restoration using local statistics and directional gradient information
- Author(s): N.C. Kim and S.H. Jung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 610 –611
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870437
- Type: Article
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We present an adaptive restoration algorithm to effectively restore an image degraded by additive white Gaussian noise using local statistics and directional gradient information in the spatial domain. The proposed algorithm is a modified Lee algorithm considered to compensate its drawback that little noise is removed at edge regions even though the edges are well preserved. Experimental results show better performance than for conventional algorithms.
Minimisation of mutual coupling effect on doa estimation by using guard elements
- Author(s): K.W. Lo and T.B. Vu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 611 –612
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870438
- Type: Article
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The accuracy of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a receiving phased array is degraded by the mutual coupling between the antenna elements. It is shown that by putting guard elements on each end of a linear array the DOA estimate error is reduced.
Noise in epitaxial silicon bulk unipolar diodes
- Author(s): C. Werres ; L. Vescan ; H. Beneking
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 613 –614
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870439
- Type: Article
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Silicon camel diodes with barrier heights in the range 0.46–0.94 eV were realised by means of low-pressure vapour phase epitaxy (LPVPE). These diodes show a conversion loss as low as 4.2 dB at 2 GHz and a noise figure of 4.8 dB.
LiNbO3 directional-coupler polarisation splitter
- Author(s): K. Habara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 614 –616
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870440
- Type: Article
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A Ti: LiNbO3 directional-coupler polarisation splitter is proposed. The device has the same structure as directional-coupler switches with reversal Δβ electrodes. The principles on which it operates and the measured characteristics of a sample device are presented.
CW diode-pumped Tm3+, Ho3+:YAG 2.1 μm room-temperature laser
- Author(s): G.J. Kintz ; L. Esterowitz ; R. Allen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, page: 616 –616
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870441
- Type: Article
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Room-temperature CW laser emission at 2.1μm is reported for the first time with both multimode diode arrays and single-stripe diode pumping. CW room-temperature slope efficiencies of 17% and 16% were obtained using a 100 mW multimode diode array and a 30 mW single-stripe diode, respectively. To date, CW outputs of several milliwatts at 2.1μm have been obtained.
New result on d-sequences
- Author(s): S.C. Kak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, page: 617 –617
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870442
- Type: Article
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A new result for the generation of a d-sequence to an arbitrary base is presented. The result admits an elegant hardware implementation.
Modular memory model using state-variable approach
- Author(s): G.M. Chaudhry and J.S. Bedi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 617 –619
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870443
- Type: Article
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A simple time-discrete state-variable model is presented for the modular memory system. The concepts of state and output controllability and observability are used to eliminate the memory interference problems. An analysis of the model using the ergodic Markov chain and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem is provided.
Optimum control beam angle for a biased optical bistable device
- Author(s): R. Cush
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 619 –620
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870444
- Type: Article
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The control beam intensity required to switch a multibeam, cascadable Fabry–Perot bistable device may be minimised by varying the beam incident angle.
High-frequency InGaAs/InP multiple-quantum-well buried-mesa electroabsorption optical modulator
- Author(s): U. Koren ; B.I. Miller ; R.S. Tucker ; G. Eisenstein ; I. Bar-Joseph ; D.A.B. Miller ; D.S. Chemla
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 621 –622
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870445
- Type: Article
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We describe the structure and performance characteristics of an InGaAs/InP multiple-quantum-well (MQW) electro-absorption buried-mesa optical modulator. The device is fabricated with two metal-organic chemical-vapour-deposition (MOCVD) growth steps, wherein small-area circular (40μm diameter) PIN diodes are buried with Fe-doped semiinsulating (SI) InP regrowth. The modulator has a relatively low insertion loss (4.5 dB) with 25% modulation depth and very high modulation bandwith (5.3 GHz) operating at 1.62μm wavelength.
GaAs/GaAlAs RIB waveguide grating filters for λ = 1.5μm
- Author(s): A. Yi-Yan ; H. Carru ; P. Correc ; J.P. Chandouineau ; L. Dugrand ; M. Carre
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 622 –624
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870446
- Type: Article
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First-order Bragg grating filters have been realised in GaAs/GaAlAs rib waveguides for operation at λ ̃ 1.5μm. Singlemode devices with rib widths of 2 to 5 μm and incorporating a 2.5 mm length of 225 nm period grating have been evaluated using a tunable T1:KCl colour-centre laser. Rejection ratios of 95% to 39% and 3dB bandwidths of 3.5 Å to 7.9 Å have been measured.
Very low-threshold 1.53μm DFB lasers by VPE transport
- Author(s): B. Broberg ; S. Nilsson ; T. Tanbun-Ek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 624 –625
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870447
- Type: Article
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DFB lasers with CW threshold currents as low as 8 mA at room temperature have been fabricated using the VPE transport process. The low threshold currents are attributed to narrow active stripes and to the high coupling strength of the grating. Single-mode lasing at 1.53μm up to I = 8Ith and during high-speed direct modulation has been confirmed.
Index profiling of distributed-index lenses by a total reflection method
- Author(s): X. Zhu and K. Iga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 626 –627
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870448
- Type: Article
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A simple index profiling method using total reflection is proposed. By a preliminary experiment, its accuracy was confirmed to be about 0.1% and its spatial resolution about 2μm. The index profile of a planar microlens was measured and compared with theoretical calculations.
λ/4-shifted AlGaAs/GaAs DFB lasers with double window structures
- Author(s): S. Hirata ; K. Tamamura ; C. Kojima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 627 –628
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870449
- Type: Article
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Single-mode oscillation was obtained by introducing a λ/4-shifted, double window structure into DFB lasers fabricated by two-step MOCVD. The resulting λ/4-shifted laser produced Bragg oscillation and was very stable up to 10 mW under CW conditions.
12.5 Gbit/s fibre-optic network using all-optical processing
- Author(s): P.R. Prucnal ; D.J. Blumenthal ; M.A. Santoro
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 629 –630
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870450
- Type: Article
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A 12.5 Gbit/s fibre-optic network is implemented with a central mode-locked laser clock, integrated-optic waveguide modulators, optical time-multi/demultiplexing and an optical reservation protocol. The network accommodates 125 stations transmitting at 100 Mbit/s each, using receiver-fixed assignment time-division multiple access.
Diffraction by a dielectric wedge with the neumann expansion of correction currents on interfaces
- Author(s): Se-Yun Kim and Jung-Woong Ra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 630 –631
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870451
- Type: Article
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A new representation of fringe currents, which corrects the physical optics approximation for edge diffraction by a dielectric wedge, is obtained. In comparison with the multipole expansion at an edge, the proposed Neumann expansion of correction currents along the dielectric interfaces satisfies the edge condition at the edge and provides fast convergence after finite truncation of expansion coefficients.
Flicker noise effect on sensitivity of PIN-(GaAs)FET fibre-optic receiver
- Author(s): Moon-Soo Park ; Jun-Am Hwang ; Young-Yun Chun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 631 –633
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870452
- Type: Article
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We have calculated the sensitivity and the power penalty of a PIN-(GaAs)FET receiver taking into account the flicker noise. We have also shown that the flicker noise affects the sensitivity over the whole range of bit rates, and also that the total input capacitance is an important parameter affecting the power penalty.
Two-dimensional IIR filters for exact reconstruction in tree-structured sub-band decomposition
- Author(s): R. Ansari and C.-L. Lau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 633 –634
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870453
- Type: Article
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A procedure for exact reconstruction of a two-dimensional signal after a tree-structured sub-band decomposition is presented. The use of two-dimensional IIR filters derived from one-dimensional allpass building blocks, allowing separable processing along the diagonals, is described.
Monomode fibre polarisation scrambler
- Author(s): A.D. Kersey and A. Dandridge
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 634 –636
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870454
- Type: Article
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A technique for the pseudodepolarisation of a long-coherence-length source is described, which is based on a simple polarisation modulation scheme. Using a length of high-birefringence fibre wound on to a piezoelectric transducer, a simple all-fibre polarisation scrambler can be constructed.
2 Gbit/s and 600 Mbit/s single-mode fibre transmission experiments using a high-speed Zn-doped 1.3 μm edge-emitting LED
- Author(s): S. Fujita ; J. Hayashi ; Y. Isoda ; T. Uji ; M. Shikada
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 636 –637
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870455
- Type: Article
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High-speed heavily Zn-doped mesa-structure 1.3 μm edge-emitting LEDs have been developed for single-mode-fibre high-speed transmission. A 600 Mbit/s modulation without waveform equalisation, and a 2 Gbit/s modulation with equalisation, have been performed. At 2 Gbit/s, 9.8 km of single-mode-fibre transmission using the edge-emitting LED has been carried out for the first time.
Conformal mapping analysis of shielded striplines
- Author(s): J.R. Souza
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 637 –638
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870456
- Type: Article
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The method of conformal mapping is used to modify shielded stripline configurations into that of a strip over an infinite ground plane. Results known for the latter structure allow the evaluation of the stripline parameters. This formulation applies to narrow strips located both symmetrically and asymmetrically inside the shielding.
Space-charge-influenced avalanche-breakdown characteristics: an improved approximation
- Author(s): J.-F. Luy ; G. Baur ; E. Kasper
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 638 –640
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870457
- Type: Article
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The space-charge effect in millimetre-wave avalanche transit-time diodes is investigated. It is shown that for high current densities and especially for diodes punched through at breakdown, the well known space-charge resistance expression is not in accordance with the I/V data measured under pulse conditions. By introducing the effective doping approximation, the measured characteristics can be explained. An expression for a current-density-dependent space-charge resistance is proposed.
Numerical simulation of cruiser or aircraft lightning (Simulation numerique du foudroiement d'un croiseur ou d'un avion)
- Author(s): M. Monavon and M. Leroy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 640 –642
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870458
- Type: Article
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Ship and aircraft manufacture requires modern technologies based on composite materials, which increases the vulnerability of electronic equipment subjected to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The use of a 3D finite-difference method to simulate a natural EMP, such as lightning, is limited by excessive CPU time. Improvements are introduced to described these phenomena using large computation time windows with reduced CPU cost. Numerical results are given when the hull of a cruiser is subjected to lightning.Les bateaux et les avions, fabriqués avec des technologies modernes basées sur des matériaux composites résistants ou faiblement conducteurs, deviennent de plus en plus vulnérables aux impulsions électromagnétiques (IEM). L'utilisation d'une méthode aux différences finies à trois dimensions, dans la simulation des IEM d'origine naturelle telles que la foudre, est limitée par un temps de calcul élevé. Les améliorations, qui sont présentées, permettent de décrire ces phénomènes sur de larges fenêtres de temps tout en réduisant les coûts de calcul. Les résultats numeriques proposés sont obtenus dans le cas du foudroiement d'une caréne de croiseur.
Asynchronous arithmetic for VLSI neural systems
- Author(s): A.F. Murray and A.V.W. Smith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 642 –643
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870459
- Type: Article
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A computational style is described that mimics that of a biological neural network. Circuit forms of neural and synaptic functions are presented, and results of simulation and fabrication are reported.
Data-based matrix decomposition technique for high-resolution array processing of coherent signals
- Author(s): Gao Shi-Wei and Bao Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 643 –645
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870460
- Type: Article
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A new data-based matrix decomposition (DMD) method for high-resolution array processing is presented. It is shown here that the DMD method is independent of the coherency between signals of arrival, so it can be used for the high resolution of uncorrelated signals as well as coherent signals. The results of simulation support the theoretical predictions.
Low-drive-current, high-efficiency AlGaAs/GaAs SQW laser
- Author(s): H. Nobuhara ; T. Fujii ; O. Wada
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 645 –647
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870461
- Type: Article
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A low-drive-current AlGaAs/GaAs SQW laser, which exhibits extremely low threshold currents of 2.8 mA at room temperature and 0.35 mA at 77 K together with high differential efficiencies of 0.75 mW/mA/facet, has been demonstrated. Experimental results of the effect of both the mirror reflectivity and the cavity length on reducing the threshold current of the SQW lasers have indicated the feasibility of submilliampere lasing at room temperature.
Comment: Error-correcting code for optical-fibre transmission systems
- Author(s): Q. Wang and V.K. Bhargava
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, page: 647 –647
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870462
- Type: Article
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Reply: Error-correcting code for optical-fibre transmission systems
- Author(s): N. Yoshikai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, page: 647 –647
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870463
- Type: Article
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Identity-based conference key distribution systems in broadcast networks
- Author(s): K. Koyama and K. Ohta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 647 –649
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870464
- Type: Article
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Identity-based conference key distribution systems in a complete graph network or a star network are proposed. Messages among two or more users are authenticated using each user's identification information. Security and transmission efficiency for the proposed schemes are also shown.
Bidirectional and two-channel transmission system measurements using a semiconductor-laser-amplifier repeater
- Author(s): H.J. Westlake and M.J. O'Mahony
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 649 –651
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870465
- Type: Article
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Measured bit-error-rate performance is reported for two-channel bidirection and single-direction transmission systems operating at 565 Mbit/s and 280 Mbit/s and incorporating an amplifier repeater. Acceptable levels of crosstalk were seen on these systems, which were constructed to address problems likely to be seen in a practical implementation.
Self-routing fibre-optic networks and switches using multitailed receiver/transmitter units
- Author(s): P.J. Severin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 651 –652
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870466
- Type: Article
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Using a fibre-optic component consisting of one or more receivers and input ports and one transmitter with one or more output ports, with a circuit in between, self-routing is possible in densely meshed networks and in moderately blocking switches.
Application of LFB acoustic microscope to film thickness measurements
- Author(s): J. Kushibiki and N. Chubachi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 652 –654
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870467
- Type: Article
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The line-focus-beam (LFB) acoustic microscope is applied to measure the precise thickness of thin films using the velocity dispersion of leaky waves in layered samples. The measurement principle and accuracy are investigated theoretically and experimentally, taking a configuration of Au-film on fused quartz. It is demonstrated at 225 MHz that the thickness resolution better than 2 Å is achieved for a 3000 Å sample using leaky pseudosurface acoustic waves.
Zero redundancy channel coding in vector quantisation
- Author(s): K.A. Zeger and A. Gersho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 654 –656
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870468
- Type: Article
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Gray-coding of signal amplitudes can protect PCM transmission of analogue signals from the effects of channel bit errors. We generalise this to VQ, and provide a ‘vector switching’ algorithm that reduces the expected signal distortion by suitably assigning code words to the codevectors in a given code-book.
Solving nonlinear equations of harmonic elimination PWM in power control
- Author(s): P. Enjeti and J.F. Lindsay
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 656 –657
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870469
- Type: Article
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A method of obtaining the exact solution to the nonlinear equations for eliminating several lower-order harmonics in the output voltage of a PWM inverter is illustrated. This procedure permits the widespread use of this technique in the entire frequency range in power control.
Photoelectrochemical laser interference etching for fabrication of 235 nm diffraction gratings on n-InP
- Author(s): L. Bäcklin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 657 –659
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870470
- Type: Article
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First-order diffraction gratings for 1.55 μm DFB/DBR lasers have been fabricated by photoelectrochemical laser interference etching directly on n-InP substrates (001) with high uniformity and reproducibility. A profile depth of 75 nm was obtained for symmetrical triangular profiles in the (110) plane. In the (110) plane the profiles became asymmetrically U-shaped with a depth of 80 nm.
15,000 km fibre-optic transmission using a linear repeater
- Author(s): N.A. Olsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 659 –660
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870471
- Type: Article
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Optical pulse propagation over more than 15,000 km was achieved using a re-entrant 75 km fibre loop and a non-generative repeater to balance the optical losses. At 150 Mbit/s data rate, the fibre-to-fibre gain of the repeater was 37 dB and the insertion penalty less than 0.3 dB.
Scattering of arbitrarily polarised, arbitrarily directed incident plane waves by frequency-selective surfaces
- Author(s): M.J. Archer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 660 –662
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870472
- Type: Article
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A planar frequency-selective screen (FSS) is considered in the presence of an arbitrarily polarised plane wave incident in an arbitrary direction. It is shown that the complex scattering coefficients for the parallel-polarised and the orthogonalpolarised components can be determined in terms of the principal-plane-incidence parallel-polarised values of the coefficients.
Chaos via a piecewise-linear switched-capacitor circuit
- Author(s): A. Rodriguez-Vazquez ; A. Rueda ; B. Perez-Verdu ; J.L. Huertas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, p. 662 –663
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870473
- Type: Article
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A nonlinear switched-capacitor circuit that generates chaotic signals is reported. The circuit is described by a first-order piecewise-linear discrete equation that exhibits a chaotic dynamics. Experimental results illustrating the circuit performance and its use as a noise generator are included.
Erratum: Optical receiver with optical feedback
- Author(s): G.S. Forsberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 12, page: 663 –663
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870474
- Type: Article
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