Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 20, Issue 1, 5 January 1984
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Volume 20, Issue 1
5 January 1984
Q-switching cleaved-coupled-cavity laser with an integrated intracavity modulator
- Author(s): T.P. Lee ; C.A. Burrus ; W.B. Sessa ; P. Besomi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 1 –2
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840001
- Type: Article
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We describe fabrication and performance of a Q-switching cleaved-coupled-cavity laser with an integrated intracavity modulator. The pulse repetition frequency of this 3-section device was tunable between 320 and 450 MHz with an external microwave injected signal, the modulation depth of the pulsations was 80–100% with a nearly single-longitudinal-mode output spectrum, and the Q-switched light pulses were modulated by a pseudorandom PCM signal at 322 Mbit/s.
Selection of the order of Routh approximants
- Author(s): C.P. Therapos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 2 –4
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840002
- Type: Article
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A well known method for estimating in advance the order of a satisfactory Routh approximant does not always yield acceptable results. A simple criterion is thus proposed to check the results of this method.
Acousto-optic diffraction of optical guided waves in crystal quartz
- Author(s): C.W. Pitt ; J.D. Skinner ; P.D. Townsend
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 4 –5
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840003
- Type: Article
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A waveguide supporting a single propagating mode has been fabricated by ion beam modification of X-cut crystal quartz. The gas ion implantation reduced the index of a subsurface layer, and guiding occurred in the surface region. The acoustic properties of the quartz are little affected. Bragg diffraction of guided light by surface acoustic waves was observed with efficiencies of approximately 0.25% per milliwatt acoustic power.
Accuracy of the electromagnetic transient in overhead transmission lines
- Author(s): G. Bridges and O. Aboul-Atta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 5 –7
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840004
- Type: Article
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An examination is made of past, present and possible future results in evaluating the modal form of the transmission-line transient. An exact analysis of the problem has been formulated and a comparison of its accurate evaluation is made with other workers' available results.
Design of a pulse-shaping filter with a specified relationship between jitter and intersymbol interference
- Author(s): A. Gee and R. Borge
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 7 –8
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840005
- Type: Article
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An improved method for the design of pulse-shaping filters is described. Practical relationships between the decision-threshold spacing and the timing tolerance are used to specify the aspect ratio of a rectangle fitted in the eye opening; its size is then maximised.
Three-dimensional rate-distortion function and comparison with some image-coding methods
- Author(s): N.C. Kim ; J.S. Koh ; J. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 8 –9
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840006
- Type: Article
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Based on a 3-dimensional exponential covariance model for image sequences, a 3-dimensional rate-distortion function is obtained, and it is compared with some interframe transform and hybrid coding techniques. The computational problem of 3-dimensional complexity is reduced by the assumption that the covariance function is separable between the spatial and temporal covariances. It is shown that the interframe hybrid coding of moderate complexity is quite a good method for high bit rates.
Calibration of a six-port reflectometer using projective geometry concepts
- Author(s): L. Susman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 9 –11
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840007
- Type: Article
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Projective geometry concepts are applied to the problem of calibrating a six-port reflectometer with known standards. It is shown that five independent standards are needed. Note-worthy in this technique is the absence of any idealised hardware assumptions or the need for selecting a preferred normalising port. An explicit solution is obtained using only linear equation techniques.
Comment: System reduction by Cauer continued-fraction expansion about s = a and s = ∞ alternately
- Author(s): S.N. Sivanandam and V. Sreeram
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 11 –12
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840008
- Type: Article
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Reply: System reduction by Cauer continued-fraction expansion about s = a and s = ∞ alternatively
- Author(s): R. Parthasarathy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, page: 12 –12
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840009
- Type: Article
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Relation between the Karhunen–Loeve and sine transforms
- Author(s): R.J. Clarke
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 12 –13
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840010
- Type: Article
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In an earlier paper it was demonstrated that the cosine transform can be derived from the optimum (Karhunen–Loève) transform of a first-order Markov source in the limiting case when the adjacent data element correlation coefficient tends to unity. The purpose of the letter is to show that, in the alternative limiting case when the correlation tends to zero, the sine transform results.
Wavelength-dependent optical loss increase in graded-index optical fibre transmission lines
- Author(s): T. Tanifuji ; M. Matsumoto ; M. Tokuda ; M. Miyauchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 13 –14
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840011
- Type: Article
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Wavelength-dependent optical loss increase in GeO2-P2O5-doped graded-index optical fibre transmission lines has been observed. The loss increase is found to depend strongly on the P2O5 concentration. By reducing the P2O5 concentration, loss increases at 1.3 μm can be suppressed to a sufficient extent without any hindrance for practical usage.
‘Split radix’ FFT algorithm
- Author(s): P. Duhamel and H. Hollmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 14 –16
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840012
- Type: Article
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A new N = 2n fast Fourier transform algorithm is presented, which has fewer multiplications and additions than radix 2n, n = 1, 2, 3 algorithms, has the same number of multiplications as the Raderi-Brenner algorithm, but much fewer additions, and is numerically better conditioned, and is performed ‘in place’ by a repetitive use of a ‘butterfly’-type structure.
Long-wavelength transimpedance optical receiver performance enhancement using cooled germanium avalanche photodiodes
- Author(s): S.D. Walker and L.C. Blank
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 16 –18
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840013
- Type: Article
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An optical sensitivity improvement of 1.5 dB was produced by moderate cooling of a commercially available 100 μm p+-n Ge APD in a transimpedance receiver, built on a standard printed circuit board. At 1.3 μm and 140 Mbaud, −45.2 dBm was achieved, making this receiver highly competitive where cooling is permitted.
Formula for feedback gains in eigenvalue control of singular systems
- Author(s): M.A. Christodoulou and P.N. Paraskevopoulos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 18 –19
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840014
- Type: Article
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For single-input singular systems the problem of finding an explicit formula for the feedback gains in eigenvalue control has been solved. The formula is easily implementable in a digital computer.
Dispersion characteristics of coupled microstrip with overlay on anisotropic dielectric substrate
- Author(s): K. Shibata and K. Hatori
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 19 –20
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840015
- Type: Article
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The letter describes how one can obtain the equal effective dielectric constants of even and odd modes on the parallel-coupled microstrip at a frequency by using an anisotropic dielectric substrate with isotropic overlay. The frequency can be varied by using overlays of various thicknesses. The results suggest the possibility of realising a high-directivity coupler in the high-frequency microwave range.
Wavelength-dependent differential modal delay in graded-index fibres
- Author(s): A.C. Campos and R. Srivastava
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 20 –22
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840016
- Type: Article
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We present a technique for measurement of wavelength-dependent differential modal delay in a graded-index fibre. The data are used to derive the excitation-dependent zero-dispersion wavelength. The method offers an accurate calibration procedure to determine the zero-material-dispersion wavelength for given dopant concentration.
Novel delay-lock-loop implementation for reduced acquisition time of PN sequences
- Author(s): L.A.A. Al-Rawas and R.F. Ormondroyd
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 22 –24
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840017
- Type: Article
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Pseudo-noise codes are widely used in spread-spectrum systems. A technique is described which significantly improves the acquisition speed of such codes. This consists of generating a broad discriminator characteristic whose phase may be controlled automatically by the loop filter output. Experimental and computed acquisition trajectories of the new loop are compared with standard loops.
Line fault prediction and location in echo cancelling data transmission systems
- Author(s): G. Shorrock
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 24 –25
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840018
- Type: Article
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Theoretical and practical results are presented which show that the tap coefficients of an echo cancelling modem can be used as an aid to line fault prediction and location. It is indicated that in some cases it is possible to identify a line fault before the transmission performance is seriously impaired.
Novel realisation of an automatic transmit-receive switch and two bandpass filters by a single SAW filter
- Author(s): J.K. Gautam ; T. Meguro ; K. Yamanouchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 25 –27
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840019
- Type: Article
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In the letter we describe and demonstrate a completely new application of SAW filters in present-day communication systems to realise a kind of transmit-receive switch (TRS). The TRS using the SAW filter works well up to expectations, replacing the required two bandpass filters and an antenna directional coupler. To do this the undesired reverse propagation sidelobe (higher) of a group-type unidirectional transducer (GUDT) has been used to advantage. The theoretical and experimental results are found to be in one-to-one correspondence.
Linewidth enhancement factor for quantum-well lasers
- Author(s): M.G. Burt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 27 –29
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840020
- Type: Article
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The linewidth enhancement factor α is calculated for an idealised GaInAs quantum-well laser. Values between 1 and 2 are found for a range of possible lasing energies. Somewhat larger values are expected for GaInAs quantum wells with InP barriers. It is concluded that dramatic reductions in α are not to be expected for quantum wells.
Am quantum noise in 1.3 μm InGaAsP lasers
- Author(s): T. Mukai and Y. Yamamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 29 –30
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840021
- Type: Article
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Intensity fluctuations for two types of 1.3 μm InGaAsP laser are measured and calculated based on device structural and material parameters and are found to be in good agreement with the quantum-noise-limited level.
Fading in heterodyne OTDR
- Author(s): P. Healey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 30 –32
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840022
- Type: Article
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The first- and second-order statistics of the Rayleigh back-scatter signal from a single-mode fibre under quasimonochromatic pulse excitation are derived. A fading phenomenon is predicted and observed experimentally.
Optical correlation in Bi12SiO20 at 632.8 nm
- Author(s): C.R. Petts ; M.W. McCall ; L.C. Laycock
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 32 –33
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840023
- Type: Article
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Optical image correlation with a low-power HeNe laser has been demonstrated using the phenomenon of degenerate four-wave mixing in Bi12SiO20. Preliminary results for character recognition, using a compact two-dimensional image processor, are presented.
New model for submicron-scale dual-gate TFT
- Author(s): H. Baudrand and A.A. Ahmed
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 33 –35
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840024
- Type: Article
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A new model is proposed to represent the submicron-scale dual-gate thin-film transistor (DGTFT) as the association of three single-gate TFTs. The finite-difference method is applied to verify the conditions for which the model is valid, and using a new variant of this technique the quasistatic solution is obtained in an inhomogeneous medium.
Low OH excess loss PCVD fibres prepared by fluorine doping
- Author(s): P. Bachmann ; P. Geittner ; D. Leers ; M. Lennartz ; H. Wilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 35 –37
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840025
- Type: Article
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Single-mode and multimode fibres have been prepared with PCVD using C2F6 as dopant. With increasing concentrations of C2F6 an exponential decrease of the OH excess loss was found. Ultra-low OH absorption losses of 0.2 dR/km at 1.38 μm have been achieved.
Multimode nature of quadruple-clad fibres
- Author(s): P.L. Francois ; F. Alard ; J.F. Bayon ; B. Rose
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 37 –38
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840026
- Type: Article
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The quadruple-clad fibres are intrinsically multimode structures because both the LP01 and LP02 modes propagate. From experiment and theory, the ‘cladding’ part of the profile is seen to support the LP11 and possibly also the LP21 modes in the usual 1.2–1.7 μm wavelength interval.
Theory of symmetrical five-port junction
- Author(s): S.P. Yeo and A.L. Cullen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 38 –39
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840027
- Type: Article
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In practice the symmetrical five-port junction in a six-port reflectometer set-up is nonideal in that it suffers from a residual mismatch. This theoretical study shows that, so long as the mismatch is small enough, the centres of the q-circles are still well spaced around the origin and the system can function satisfactorily as a practical reflectometer.
New variable acoustic delay line in VHF range employing a wedge
- Author(s): N. Chubachi and H. Okazaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 39 –41
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840028
- Type: Article
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A new variable acoustic delay line is developed, where a wedge is introduced in order to make a very fine adjustment of the delay time. Delay time variations from 6.7 to 80.0 ns at a frequency of 150 MHz are successfully obtained. The experimental values of the delay time agree well with the calculated values to an accuracy of 0.3%.
Longitudinal static-field model for DH lasers
- Author(s): R. Baets and P.E. Lagasse
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 41 –42
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840029
- Type: Article
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A new static model for double-heterostructure lasers is presented which can take into account longitudinal effects in the cavity. The model makes use of the beam-propagation method to calculate the field propagation through the lasing waveguide structure.
Photoexcited In0.53Ga0.47As/Inp quantum-well lasers with high characteristic temperatures
- Author(s): K. Kodama ; J. Komeno ; M. Ozeki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 42 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840030
- Type: Article
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We report the temperature dependence of the threshold excitation power of photopumped In0.53Ga0.47As/Inp quantum-well structures. We have observed that the quantum-well active layer results in an increase of the characteristic temperature T0.
Single current conveyor tunable sinewave RC oscillator
- Author(s): P.B. Jana and R. Nandi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 44 –45
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840031
- Type: Article
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A novel sinewave RC oscillator configuration using a single second generation current conveyor (CC II) is presented. The circuit has all its capacitors grounded and the frequency of oscillation ω0 is tunable by a grounded resistor. The active ω0-sensitivity has been shown to be extremely small.
High-transconductance self aligned GaAs MESFET using implantation through an AlN layer
- Author(s): H. Onodera ; N. Yokoyama ; H. Kawata ; H. Nishi ; A. Shibatomi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 45 –47
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840032
- Type: Article
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Tungsten-silicide-gate self aligned GaAs MESFETs were fabricated on a very thin channel layer formed by implantation through an AlN layer on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Transconductance of the through-implanted MESFETs showed a 30 to 50% increase as compared with that of conventional self aligned MESFETs, and reached its maximum value at 300 mS/mm for 1μm-gate-length FETs.
Arsenic passivation: a possible remedy for MBE growth-interruption problems
- Author(s): N.J. Kawai ; T. Nakagawa ; T. Kojima ; K. Ohta ; M. Kawashima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 47 –48
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840033
- Type: Article
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Amorphous arsenic passivation was used to suppress the interfacial carrier depletion at an MBE growth-interrupted interface. The protection of the surface against room air, heat-treatment (180°C) in room air, and deionised water is confirmed.
Optically pumped In0.53Ga0.47As/InP MQW lasers grown by chloride vapour-phase epitaxy
- Author(s): K. Kodama ; M. Ozeki ; J. Komeno
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 48 –50
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840034
- Type: Article
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The lasing characteristics of optically pumped In0.53Ga0.47As/InP MQW structures grown by chloride vapour-phase epitaxy were investigated. A detailed examination of the stimulated emission spectra shows that the MQW structures have good heterointerface properties.
Linear system reduction by continued-fraction expansion about three points
- Author(s): T.N. Lucas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 50 –51
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840035
- Type: Article
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The method of model reduction by continued-fraction expansion about s = 0 and s = a is extended to include the point s = ∞ also. This achieves more accurate transient approximations and thus highlights further the flexibility of a continued-fraction approach. An example illustrates the method.
Compensated polarimetric sensor using polarisation-maintaining fibre in a differential configuration
- Author(s): J.P. Dakin and C.A. Wade
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 51 –53
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840036
- Type: Article
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The letter describes a novel configuration of the polarimetric sensor which uses two equal lengths of polarisation-maintaining fibre spliced together with their major polarisation axes orthogonal. The result is a differential sensor which is compensated for common-mode temperature and isotropic pressure changes, and may be used with semiconductor laser sources without the problems of phase noise which can arise in the normal polarimetric sensor.
Novel optical fibre hydrophone array using a single laser source and detector
- Author(s): J.P. Dakin ; C.A. Wade ; M. Henning
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 53 –54
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840037
- Type: Article
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The letter describes a new method of achieving a fibre optic hydrophone array using a single laser source and detector. The array consists of several sections of fibre which are spliced together with retroreflective splices and form part of a pulsed Michelson interferometer.
Fundamental limits to the transmission of linearly polarised light by birefringent optical fibres
- Author(s): M.P. Varnham ; D.N. Payne ; J.D. Love
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 20, Issue 1, p. 55 –56
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19840038
- Type: Article
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Experimental results are presented which show that the fundamental mode in highly birefringent fibres is not plane-polarised, as is normally assumed, but has significant orthogonal field components. These components limit the maximum measurable polarisation intensity extinction ratio to ∼40 dB. Implications for polarisation measurements and fibre gyros are outlined.
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