Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 19, Issue 24, 24 November 1983
Volumes & issues:
-
Volume 59 (2023)
-
Volume 58 (2022)
-
Volume 57 (2021)
-
Volume 56 (2020)
-
Volume 55 (2019)
-
Volume 54 (2018)
-
Volume 53 (2017)
-
Volume 52 (2016)
-
Volume 51 (2015)
-
Volume 50 (2014)
-
Volume 49 (2013)
-
Volume 48 (2012)
-
Volume 47 (2011)
-
Volume 46 (2010)
-
Volume 45 (2009)
-
Volume 44 (2008)
-
Volume 43 (2007)
-
Volume 42 (2006)
-
Volume 41 (2005)
-
Volume 40 (2004)
-
Volume 39 (2003)
-
Volume 38 (2002)
-
Volume 37 (2001)
-
Volume 36 (2000)
-
Volume 35 (1999)
-
Volume 34 (1998)
-
Volume 33 (1997)
-
Volume 32 (1996)
-
Volume 31 (1995)
-
Volume 30 (1994)
-
Volume 29 (1993)
-
Volume 28 (1992)
-
Volume 27 (1991)
-
Volume 26 (1990)
-
Volume 25 (1989)
-
Volume 24 (1988)
-
Volume 23 (1987)
-
Volume 22 (1986)
-
Volume 21 (1985)
-
Volume 20 (1984)
-
Volume 19 (1983)
-
Volume 18 (1982)
-
Volume 17 (1981)
-
Volume 16 (1980)
-
Volume 15 (1979)
-
Volume 14 (1978)
-
Volume 13 (1977)
-
Volume 12 (1976)
-
Volume 11 (1975)
-
Volume 10 (1974)
-
Volume 9 (1973)
-
Volume 8 (1972)
-
Volume 7 (1971)
-
Volume 6 (1970)
-
Volume 5 (1969)
-
Volume 4 (1968)
-
Volume 3 (1967)
-
Volume 2 (1966)
-
Volume 1 (1965)
Volume 19, Issue 24
24 November 1983
Novel mode scrambler for reducing mode dependence in multimode optical waveguides
- Author(s): Y. Kokubun ; S. Suzuki ; T. Fuse ; H. Uehara ; K. Iga ; M. Oikawa ; S. Misawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1009 –1010
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830684
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1009
–1010
(2)
A novel mode scrambler for multimode optical waveguides is proposed to stabilise branching characteristics against the mode excitation conditio. A 2 × 2 optical star coupler is fabricated using this mode scrambler, and a stable branching ratio is realised with an excess insertion loss of 2.7 dB.
Exact design of strays-insensitive switched-capacitor highpass ladder filters
- Author(s): R.B. Datar and A.S. Sedra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1010 –1012
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830685
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1010
–1012
(3)
A new technique for the exact design of fully straysinsensitive switched-capacitor (SC) highpass ladder filters is proposed. The design is applicable to filters with or without finite transmission zeros.
Radiative and nonradiative recombination law in lightly doped InGaAsP lasers
- Author(s): D. Yevick and W. Streifer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1012 –1014
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830686
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1012
–1014
(3)
We analyse data relating to radiative and nonradiative recombination in a 1.3 μm InGaAsP laser operating below threshold. The results show that with a lightly doped active region the radiative recombination coefficient decreases with increasing carrier concentration in accordance with previous theoretical results. Further, they indicate that the Auger nonradiative recombination is relatively small.
Fast algorithm for the exact determination of the mapped effective areas of trihedral radar reflectors
- Author(s): K.M. Keen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1014 –1015
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830687
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1014
–1015
(2)
A computer processing technique has recently been described for the evaluation of monostatic scattering cross-sections of regularly shaped trihedral radar reflectors, the final stage of which involves the determination of an effective area mapped out by orthogonal projections of real and image aperture boundary lines on an oblique plane. Previously the area determination was carried out by an integration process plus a geometrical procedure. An alternative method described here reduces the area to a set of triangles which are evaluated and summed: this gives an exact value and is approximately 50 times faster in computer CPU time.
Simple measurement method for polarisation modal dispersion in polarisation-maintaining fibres
- Author(s): K. Takada ; J. Noda ; Y. Sasaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1015 –1017
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830688
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1015
–1017
(3)
A new method for polarisation modal dispersion measurement of polarisation-maintaining fibres is presented. By using a laser diode and a Michelson interferometer, polarisation modal dispersion is determined from the path difference between the two interference peaks which arise from the interference between HE11x and HE11y modes.
Simple method for feedback parameter determination in optical feedback controlled semiconductor lasers
- Author(s): Y. Bouidene ; F. Favre ; D. le Guen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1017 –1018
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830689
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1017
–1018
(2)
A simple method is proposed to measure the X parameter which determines the optical feedback influence on the semiconductor laser spectral characteristics. Experimental results are in good agreement with high spectral resolution measurements.
Speech recognition on a distributed array processor
- Author(s): P. Simpson and J.B.G. Roberts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1018 –1020
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830690
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1018
–1020
(3)
A highly parallel single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) array signal processor is advocated as efficient for a wide range of real-time problems. We examine its performance for digital speech recognition and show that impressive throughput rates for realistic vocabulary sizes can be achieved for ‘time-warping’ dynamic programming algorithms which currently form the basis of several commercial and research speech recognisers.
AlGaAs/GaAs multiquantum-well (MQW) laser applied to monolithic integration with FET driver
- Author(s): S. Yamakoshi ; T. Sanada ; O. Wada ; T. Fujii ; T. Sakurai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1020 –1021
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830691
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1020
–1021
(2)
A ridge-waveguide AlGaAs/GaAs multiquantum-well (MQW) laser has been monolithically integrated with two MESFETs on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The laser was grown in an etched groove to realise a nearly planar horizontal arrangement with FETs. This MQW laser was found to successfully achieve a CW operation with a lowthreshold current of 20 mA at room temperature.
Novel vertical GaAs FET structure with submicrometre source-to-drain spacing
- Author(s): E. Kohn ; J. Magarshack ; U. Mishra ; L.F. Eastman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1021 –1023
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830692
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1021
–1023
(3)
As a feasibility study for sub 1/2 μm source-to-drain spaced FETs, a vertical 1/2 μ m GaAs FET structure has been fabricated incorporating a novel lossy insulator (MIS) gate contact. First device characteristics are presented.
Nondestructive SAW material attenuation via acoustic microscopy
- Author(s): R.D. Weglein
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1023 –1025
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830693
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1023
–1025
(3)
The reflection acoustic microscope may be used without modification to record the total SAW attenuation composed of substrate loss and radiation into the coupling fluid if sufficiently short RF pulse bursts are used. By way of example, grain scattering losses in bearing steel are estimated after estimation and subtraction of the substantial SAW radiation losses from the measured attenuation.
GaAs FET power amplifier module with high efficiency
- Author(s): K. Chiba and N. Kanmuri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1025 –1026
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830694
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1025
–1026
(2)
A high-efficiency GaAs FET power amplifier having a total efficiency of 70% and an output power of 2 W is realised in the 900 MHz band. A drain efficiency of 80% was achieved at a low operation voltage of 6 V. These high efficiencies were obtained by using the even-order harmonic tuning of an output matching circuit. Important parameters for achieving this efficiency are also clarified.
Semiconductor laser linewidth in optical feedback configurations
- Author(s): E. Patzak ; A. Sugimura ; S. Saito ; T. Mukai ; H. Olesen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1026 –1027
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830695
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1026
–1027
(2)
We present a theoretical analysis for semiconductor laser linewidth, employing optical feedback. This analysis is valid not only for weak feedback, but also for strong feedback including multiple reflections. The experimental result reported so far under a strong feedback condition is well explained.
Polarisation-maintaining single-mode-fibre resonator
- Author(s): E.-J. Bachus ; R.-P. Braun ; B. Strebel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1027 –1028
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830696
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1027
–1028
(2)
A polarisation-maintaining fibre resonator has been set up. A finesse of 9 and a free spectral range (FSR) of 559 MHz are measured by feeding the resonator by a semiconductor laser.
Low-dispersion 1.55 μm optical system operating at 320 Mbaud over 103.5 km
- Author(s): A.F. Mitchell ; M.J. O'Mahony ; I.W. Marshall ; B.J. Ainslie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1028 –1029
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830697
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1028
–1029
(2)
Error-free transmission has been achieved at 320 Mbaud over 103.5 km of dispersion-shifted fibre using a conventional 1.55 μm laser. The dispersion penalty is shown to be less than 0.1 dB.
Dual translinear voltage/current convertor
- Author(s): A. Fabre
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1030 –1031
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830698
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1030
–1031
(2)
A new voltage/current convertor (VCCS) using a translinear loop and two current mirrors is described. This convertor has two bipolar outputs, and two different loads can be used. The properties of this convertor are presented for direct current and sinusoidal input signals.
Monolithic PIN/preamplifier circuit integrated on a GaAs substrate
- Author(s): O. Wada ; H. Hamaguchi ; S. Miura ; M. Makiuchi ; S. Yamakoshi ; T. Sakurai ; K. Nakai ; K. Iguchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1031 –1032
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830699
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1031
–1032
(2)
An AlGaAs/GaAs PIN photodiode and a GaAs transimpedance amplifier including six FETs have been monolithically integrated on a GaAs substrate. A photoreceiver operation exhibiting an excellent linearity has been demonstrated. The photodiode sensitivity of 0.44 A/W and the amplifier transimpedance of 1.0 × l04 V/A have been determined from the measurement.
Effect of antenna size on OTS signal scintillations and their seasonal dependence
- Author(s): F. Rücker and F. Dintelmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1032 –1034
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830700
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1032
–1034
(3)
The letter reports on OTS BO carrier fluctuations which have been concurrently measured with two antennas of different aperture sizes for nearly one year. Monthly cumulative distributions of the signal variances clearly show a predominance of scintillations to occur during summer. From the signal variances measured concurrently, the altitude of the turbulent layer is derived which varies with water vapour density and ground temperature.
Effects of hydrogen diffusion on optical fibre loss increase
- Author(s): Y. Namihira ; K. Mochizuki ; M. Kuwazuru ; Y. Iwamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1034 –1035
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830701
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1034
–1035
(2)
The time dependence of fibre loss increase due to hydrogen diffusion for different pressures and temperatures is reported. It is found that the optical fibre loss increases with increasing hydrogen pressure as well as temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature when removed from the hydrogen environment.
In0.53Ga0.47As liquid phase epitaxy on (100)-InP substrates at low growth temperatures
- Author(s): H. Eisele ; W. Körber ; K.W. Benz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1035 –1036
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830702
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1035
–1036
(2)
In0.53Ga0.47As epitaxial layers of high quality and excellent surface morphology have been grown in an automated LPE system. The growth temperature was varied between 500 and 63O°C. Room-temperature Hall measurements indicated a net carrier concentration of n = 8 × 1014 cm−3 and mobility values of μ = 13000 cm2V−1 s−1 at TG 617°C and n = 7.7 × 1015 cm−3 and μ = 9800 cm2 V−1 s−1 at TG = 517°C, respectively.
Alloy composition and flow rates in GaxIn1−xAsyP1−y lattice-matched to InP grown by MO-CVD
- Author(s): S. Sugou ; A. Kameyama ; H. Katsuda ; Y. Miyamoto ; K. Furuya ; Y. Suematsu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1036 –1037
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830703
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1036
–1037
(2)
Relations between alloy compositions and flow rates of sources in TEG/TEI/AsH3/PH3/H2 LP-MOCVD system for the growth of GaInAsP/InP were experimentally studied under lattice-matching and high crystalline quality enough for laser oscillation. A proportional relationship was observed between the alloy of Ga/In and source of TEG/TEI, As/P and AsH3/PH3 over the bandgap wavelength of 1.3–1.6 μm.
General-purpose adaptor structure for wave-digital-filter realisation
- Author(s): N. Petrie ; J. Mavor ; S.G. Smith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1038 –1039
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830704
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1038
–1039
(2)
A general purpose wave-digital-filter adaptor is presented which is capable of operating in a parallel or series configuration and can implement inductive or capacitive filtering elements. The structure can be multiplexed to increase the filter order for no significant increase in hardware.
Temperature desensitisation of delay in optical fibres for sensor applications
- Author(s): R. Kashyap ; S. Hornung ; M.H. Reeve ; S.A. Cassidy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1039 –1040
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830705
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1039
–1040
(2)
We demonstrate a significant reduction in delay sensitivity against temperature in optical fibres, using a novel tight jacketed fibre structure. This technique has the cabability of producing fibre in which the optical delay is insensitive to temperature. This has potential in the field of sensors and fibre devices.
Radiometer input circuit requirements for microwave thermography
- Author(s): D.V. Land
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1040 –1042
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830706
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1040
–1042
(3)
Radiometer system performance requirements and problems relevant to the technique of medical microwave thermography are briefly reviewed. The Dicke-type radiometer input circuit normally used for this application is analysed to determine the factors limiting measurement performance. It is shown that input circuit losses combined with aerial to body impedance mismatch can cause significant measurement errors.
1.03 GHz operation of a low-loss SAW filter using 3-phase unidirectional transducers with thin dielectric layered feed electrodes
- Author(s): J.K. Gautam ; T. Meguro ; K. Yamanouchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1042 –1043
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830707
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1042
–1043
(2)
Successful working of a 3-phase unidirectional transducer (TPUDT) SAW filter at 1.03 GHz, without using any airgap crossovers, is reported in the letter. A thin-film capacitance existing between the feed electrodes of the transducers is used to advantage, as an essential element of the required phaseshifting network. The minimum insertion loss is found to be 2.0 dB. The filter is believed to have wide applications in the present and future communication systems requiring low-loss bandpass filtering.
Efficient analysis for infinite microstrip dipole arrays
- Author(s): S.M. Wright and Y.T. Lo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1043 –1045
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830708
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1043
–1045
(3)
A moment method analysis of infinite microstrip dipole arrays which uses an efficient technique to evaluate the generalised impedance matrix is described. A particularly simple formulation is obtained through the use of the periodic Green function. Results for the reflection coefficient magnitude against scan angle are given for a typical array.
Infra-red loss spectrum of hydrogen molecules in a silica fibre
- Author(s): K. Noguchi ; Y. Murakami ; K. Ishihara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1045 –1046
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830709
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1045
–1046
(2)
An infra-red loss spectrum of hydrogen molecules diffused into a fibre is reported, and assignments of loss peaks are discussed. It is found that there are ten loss peaks between 1.5 and 2.5 μm which are closely connected with the fundamental vibration mode of the hydrogen molecules.
Autostabilisation technique for achieving highly stable resonant optical feedback in a fibre resonator loaded injection laser
- Author(s): F. Favre and D. le Guen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1046 –1048
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830710
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1046
–1048
(3)
A feedback loop controlling the injection current is used for locking the laser diode longitudinal mode frequency to a fibre external cavity axial mode frequency. The optical feedback phase stability is greatly improved and longitudinal mode jumps are suppressed over a wide temperature range.
Low-loss single-mode-fibre splicing technique using core direct monitoring
- Author(s): O. Kawata ; K. Hoshino ; K. Ishihara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1048 –1049
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830711
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1048
–1049
(2)
The axis offset error during single-mode-fibre axis alignment using core direct monitoring was studied. It has been found that the alignment performance is affected significantly by core eccentricity observation error due to the fibre cladding lens effect, and low-loss splicing of less than 0.1 dB can be achieved by the observed core eccentricity correction technique.
Anisotropic undercutting in (100) indium phosphide
- Author(s): B.R. Hemenway ; J.E. Bowers ; B.I. Miller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1049 –1051
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830712
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1049
–1051
(3)
We present the undercutting rate of an indium phosphide crystal as a function of angle within the (100) plane. We use concentrated HC1 as the etchant and epitaxial InGaAsP as an etch mask. Undercutting behaviour including wall profile is determined as a function of etch time. The resulting description can be used to design crystallographic structures with a variety of orientations.
High-dynamic-range AM detector for data logging applications
- Author(s): M.L. Heron and R.J. Rose
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1051 –1052
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830713
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1051
–1052
(2)
Linear detection of amplitude modulation over a dynamic range of 218 is achieved by an adaptive circuit which selects an appropriate gain. The gain range is available at TTL levels. The circuit is particularly useful for digital data logging applications where fast sampling over a wide dynamic range is required.
Hydrogenation of electron traps in bulk GaAs and GaP
- Author(s): S.J. Pearton ; E.E. Haller ; A.G. Elliott
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1052 –1053
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830714
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1052
–1053
(2)
The effect of hydrogenation on a variety of electrically active defects in bulk single-crystal GaAs and GaP has been observed using transient capacitance spectroscopy. Approximately half the different defect states in these materials were neutralised by hydrogen incorporation. The efficiency of neutralisation was slightly more pronounced for defects in GaAs compared to those in GaP.
81 km submarine optical repeater trial
- Author(s): G. Bourret ; A. Doll ; G. Bassier ; G. Raffin ; M. Jurczyszyn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1053 –1055
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830715
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1053
–1055
(3)
A trial of a 1.3 μm, 340 Mbit/s submarine optical repeater was conducted in the laboratory. Stable performance for the repeater was confirmed and a bit error rate (BER) better than 10−9 was achieved with 81 km of single-mode optical fibre.
Tractable form of the dyadic Green function for application to multilayered isotropic media
- Author(s): T. Sphicopoulos ; V. Teodoridis ; F. Gardiol
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, p. 1055 –1057
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830716
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1055
–1057
(3)
The dyadic Green function for multilayered media is obtained in a simple form which does not involve infinite sums of Hansen functions. Moreover the origin of coordinates is set to coincide with the source position while the associated change of variables makes easier spatial integrations when needed.
Erratum: Analysis of coupled asymmetric microstrip lines on a ferrite substrate
- Author(s): B. Janiczak and M. Kitliński
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, page: 1057 –1057
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830717
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1057
(1)
Erratum: Normalisation of Fourier descriptors of planar shapes
- Author(s): S. Prakash and F.V.D. Heyden
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, page: 1057 –1057
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830718
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1057
(1)
Erratum: Prime sequences: quasi-optimal sequences for OR channel code division multiplexing
- Author(s): A.A. Shaar and P.A. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 24, page: 1057 –1057
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830719
- Type: Article
- + Show details - Hide details
-
p.
1057
(1)
Most viewed content for this Journal
Article
content/journals/el
Journal
5
Most cited content for this Journal
-
Extreme multistability in a memristive circuit
- Author(s): Bo-Cheng Bao ; Quan Xu ; Han Bao ; Mo Chen
- Type: Article
-
Absorptive frequency selective surface using parallel LC resonance
- Author(s): Qiang Chen ; Liguo Liu ; Liang Chen ; Jiajun Bai ; Yunqi Fu
- Type: Article
-
Partial spectral search-based DOA estimation method for co-prime linear arrays
- Author(s): Fenggang Sun ; Peng Lan ; Bin Gao
- Type: Article
-
Experimental verification of on-chip CMOS fractional-order capacitor emulators
- Author(s): G. Tsirimokou ; C. Psychalinos ; A.S. Elwakil ; K.N. Salama
- Type: Article
-
54 Gbit/s OOK transmission using single-mode VCSEL up to 2.2 km MMF
- Author(s): G. Stepniak ; A. Lewandowski ; J.R. Kropp ; N.N. Ledentsov ; V.A. Shchukin ; N. Ledentsov Jr. ; G. Schaefer ; M. Agustin ; J.P. Turkiewicz
- Type: Article
