Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 19, Issue 20, 29 September 1983
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Volume 19, Issue 20
29 September 1983
Crosstalk characteristics of lens-like Ti-LiNbO3 intersecting channel waveguides
- Author(s): C.T. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 805 –806
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830549
- Type: Article
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Crosstalk characteristics of intersecting channel waveguides are presented. Full diffusion times of various Ti film thicknesses are measured first. The concentration distributions in Ti-LiNbO3 crosschannel waveguides are then calculated and compared with the measured distribution. The lens-like medium is the crossover region of crosstalk between Δn and 2Δn crosschannel waveguide.
Accurate analysis of the abrupt discontinuity in a dielectric waveguide
- Author(s): T. Takenaka and O. Fukumitsu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 806 –808
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830550
- Type: Article
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An accurate analysis of the step discontinuity in a dielectric waveguide is presented. The analysis incorporates the iterative procedure into Lewin's approximate analysis of the laser emission extending Hockam's idea. The numerical solution of the problem converges very fast.
Wideband frequency-shift keying with a spectrally bistable cleaved-coupled-cavity semiconductor laser
- Author(s): N.A. Olsson and W.T. Tsang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 808 –809
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830551
- Type: Article
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By operating a cleaved-coupled-cavity (C3) laser in a spectrally bistable regime with large hysteresis we demonstrate a new kind of high-speed FSK transmitter. This scheme can tolerate large fluctuations in modulation signal amplitude and show a detection limited switching time of 1 ns, indicating the possibility of high-speed high-reliability FSK systems.
Broadband microstrip directional coupler
- Author(s): N.V. Nair and A.K. Mallick
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 809 –810
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830552
- Type: Article
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A nonuniform microstrip directional coupler with sinusoidally modulated coupling function is presented. The ripple and the amplitude response are controlled by the index of modulation m and the periodicity P of the function. For demonstration, a 20 dB ± 6% coupler is constructed on two different substrates and the experiment shows much flatter coupling response than the uniform or exponential line directional couplers.
Noise-cancelling switched-capacitor (SC) filtering technique
- Author(s): K.K.K. Lam and M.A. Copeland
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 810 –811
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830553
- Type: Article
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A method of reducing the 1/f noise in SC filters is shown using an initialising technique. This technique also removes the input offset of the operational amplifier, and thus gives an offset-free SC building block. Experimental results for a first-order lowpass filter illustrating the above are presented.
Measurement of spectra of and correlation between FM and AM noises in GaAlAs lasers
- Author(s): K. Kikuchi and T. Okoshi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 812 –813
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830554
- Type: Article
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The FM- and AM-noise spectra of a CSP-type GaAlAs laser, and the correlation between FM and AM noises, were measured in the frequency range below 100 kHz with the bias current as a parameter. The measured spectra consist of power-independent 1/f noise and power-dependent white-noise components. A strong correlation is observed between the FM and AM noises when the output power is small. This fact supports the theory developed by Henry, in which the amplitude-phase coupling causes the linewidth increase.
Noise and responsivity of commercial p+n Ge avalanche photodiodes
- Author(s): M.C. Brain
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 813 –815
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830555
- Type: Article
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Commercial p+n Ge APD samples from two manufacturers are shown to have comparable noise and responsivity, characterised by a quantum efficiency at 1.3 μm wavelength of 0.7–0.75, and a bulk leakage current density at 20 C of 2−3×10−4 A cm−2 before avalanche multiplication. Surface uniformity of avalanche gain is much better than on earlier n+p devices of the same diameter (100 μm).
Low-cost integrated RF six-port
- Author(s): C.M. Potter and C.M. Snowden
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 815 –816
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830556
- Type: Article
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An automated low-cost microstrip six-port measurement system is described which has broadband capability and high measurement sensitivity. The whole design is incorporated onto a single microstrip circuit assembly.
Acousto-optic frequency shifter for single-mode fibres
- Author(s): K. Nosu ; S.C. Rashleigh ; H.F. Taylor ; J.F. Weller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 816 –818
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830557
- Type: Article
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A fibre-optic frequency shifter has been constructed using a birefringent single-mode fibre positioned asymmetrically within two acoustic resonators driven 90° out of phase. The incident wave in one polarisation state is coupled to a frequency-shifted wave in the orthogonal state. Sideband suppression of better than 20 dB is achieved.
High-performance avalanche photodiode with separate absorption ‘grading’ and multiplication regions
- Author(s): J.C. Campbell ; A.G. Dentai ; W.S. Holden ; B.L. Kasper
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 818 –820
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830558
- Type: Article
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–820
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High-speed operation of avalanche photodiodes with separated absorption and multiplication regions has been achieved by incorporating an intermediate bandgap InGaAsP ‘grading’ layer between the InP multiplication layer and the InGaAs absorption layer. These APDs also exhibit low dark currents, high quantum efficiencies and good avalanche gains. Sensitivity measurements have been made at 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm with one of these APDs in a high-speed optical receiver: at bit rates of 420 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s the minimum average powers required for 10−9 BER are −43 dBm and −38 dBm at 1.55 μm, and −41.5 dBm and −37.5 dBm at 1.3 μm, respectively.
Evanescent amplification in a single-mode optical fibre
- Author(s): W.V. Sorin ; K.P. Jackson ; H.J. Shaw
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 820 –822
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830559
- Type: Article
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By replacing a portion of the cladding of a single-mode fibre with a laser dye, amplification can be achieved by means of an evanescent field interaction. External gains as high as 22 dB have been measured by guiding both a pulsed pump and CW signal within the single-mode fibre.
New negative-resistance device by a chirp superlattice
- Author(s): T. Nakagawa ; N.J. Kawai ; K. Ohta ; M. Kawashima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 822 –823
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830560
- Type: Article
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A new type of supperlattice named CHIRP (coherent heterointerfaces for reflection and penetration) superlattice, in which the periodicity is gradually changed, is proposed. The electron transmissivity through the superlattice is modulated by the applied electric field. A possible application to a negative-resistance device is discussed.
Surface-acoustic-wave bandpass filters on ZnO/Pyrex substrate with zero temperature coefficient
- Author(s): P. Defranould
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 823 –824
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830561
- Type: Article
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Thick layers of ZnO (5–10 μm) deposited on Pyrex glass have been investigated in order to realise low-cost and temperature-stable surface-acoustic-wave bandpass filters. We describe the sputtering method used to grow the ZnO layer and we give the measured results of the acoustical and thermal properties for different film thicknesses. A high coupling coefficient (10%) and very good temperature stability (zero first-order and 1 × 10−8/(°C)2 second-order temperature coefficient) are reported. In addition we show results obtained on an 8% 1 dB relative bandwidth filter operating around 110 MHz which demonstrate that this new piezoelectric substrate leads to filters with better properties than those achieved on ST-cut quartz substrate.
Polarisation-preserving coupler with self aligning birefringent fibres
- Author(s): W. Pleibel ; R.H. Stolen ; S.C. Rashleigh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 825 –826
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830562
- Type: Article
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Polarisation-preserving directional couplers have been fabricated with birefringent fibres that self align their axes within the coupling region. The polarisation characteristics have been measured with the reliable spectral-averaging technique, and broadband extinction ratios of −20 dB have been achieved, on average, in all ports.
Optical properties for an antireflection-coated LD optical switch
- Author(s): M. Ikeda
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 826 –828
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830563
- Type: Article
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Measured optical properties for an antireflection-coated laser-diode optical switch are described. With antireflection coatings, output level stability for injection current and temperature are much improved. The input and output signal spectra are the same.
Normalisation of Fourier descriptors of planar shapes
- Author(s): S. Prakash and F.V.D. Heyden
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 828 –830
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830564
- Type: Article
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Fourier descriptors (FDs) are one of the efficient tools for discrimination of planar shapes. The problem of achieving a unique normalisation of the given set of FDs has not been solved satisfactorily. An improved method for normalisation which has applicability over a wider range of shapes is suggested in the letter. A sufficient condition for the axial symmetry of a contour is also given.
γ-ray irradiation effect on transmission loss for ZrF4-based optical fibres
- Author(s): Y. Ohishi ; S. Mitachi ; S. Takahashi ; T. Miyashita
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 830 –831
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830565
- Type: Article
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The γ-ray irradiation effect on the transmission loss of ZrF4-BAF2-GdF3-AlF3 and ZrF4-BaF2-GdF3-AlF3-PbF2 optical fibres is investigated. Absorption bands are induced in the ultraviolet to near infrared region, and their tails increase the transmission losses in the mid-infrared region. Induced transmission losses for a dose of 106 R are 1000–2300 dB/km in the 2–4 μm band. These values are comparable to those at 1.5 μm for doped silica fibres.
Analytical expressions of 2-D complex cepstrum
- Author(s): K.P. Prasad and R. Unbehauen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 831 –832
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830566
- Type: Article
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An analytical expression for complex cepstrum of a 2-dimensional second-order (finite) real discrete signal is derived for minimum phase condition in terms of multinomial coefficients and signal values. The theoretical cepstral expression obtained agrees favourably with the actually computed cepsta using a reasonably large size DFT to minimise any effects of aliasing. A few important properties of 2-D cepstrum as an extension of the 1-D case are stated.
Determination of admittance of coaxial-line/rectangular waveguide junction
- Author(s): M.E. Bialkowski and P.J. Khan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 832 –834
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830567
- Type: Article
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An analytical approximate method to determine the admittance of a coaxial-rectangular waveguide junction is presented. The accuracy of the method is verified experimentally.
Approximate expression for the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna
- Author(s): D.L. Sengupta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 834 –835
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830568
- Type: Article
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An approximate expression is derived for the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna. It shows explicitly the dependence of the resonant frequency on the characteristic parameters of the antenna. Accuracy of the expression is established by comparing the theoretical results with available measured results.
Sensitivity behaviour of several two op-amp inverting and non-inverting integrators
- Author(s): D. Báez-López
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 835 –836
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830569
- Type: Article
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p.
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Several integrators which are claimed to be useful for high-frequency filter design are compared. The basis of comparison is the sensitivity of the integrator magnitude and phase with respect to the time constants of the operational amplifiers.
Chirped picosecond injection laser pulse transmission in single-mode fibres in the minimum chromatic dispersion region
- Author(s): Chinlon Lin and A. Tomita
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 837 –838
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830570
- Type: Article
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We report the propagation of chirped picosecond InGaAsP injection laser pulses in single-mode fibres in the minimum chromatic dispersion wavelength region. The observed initial compression and subsequent broadening are in good agreement with theory and illustrate the implications of chirped pulse transmission for high-bandwidth communication in the 1.2–1.6 μm wavelength region.
Analysis of the element pattern shape for circular arrays
- Author(s): T. Rahim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 838 –840
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830571
- Type: Article
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Recent theoretical and experimental investigations have established the phase-mode technique for directional pattern synthesis in circular arrays of nonisotropic sources. For non-isotropic sources the possibility of phase-mode stability has emerged, indicating wideband directional patterns. In the letter a further examination analysing the shape of the element pattern for phase-mode stability is presented.
High-power single-longitudinal-mode operation of 1.3 μm DFB-DC-PBH LD
- Author(s): M. Kitamura ; M. Seki ; M. Yamaguchi ; I. Mito ; Ke. Kobayashi ; Ko. Kobayashi ; T. Matsuoka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 840 –841
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830572
- Type: Article
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CW light output power as high as 38 mW at room temperature and with a CW operable temperature as high as 80°C, both under single-longitudinal-mode operation, has been achieved for the first time in newly developed 1.3 μm distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diodes with a double-channel planar buried heterostructure (DC-PBH).
Stress and temperature effects on optical loss increase for phosphor-doped silica fibre in the long wavelength region
- Author(s): N. Uesugi ; T. Kuwabara ; M. Ohashi ; Y. Ishida ; N. Uchida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 842 –843
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830573
- Type: Article
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842
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Irreversible loss increase in the long-wavelength region is first observed for phosphor-doped silica fibres with silicone resin layer by applying the stress at high temperature. The loss increment becomes larger for longer wavelengths. Experimental results show that the loss increase is strongly dependent on stress and temperature.
System models for optimal self-tuning control
- Author(s): M.J. Grimble
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 843 –845
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830574
- Type: Article
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In most self-tuning control systems measurement noise and disturbance spectra are combined into one effective noise model. In cases where a priori information is available regarding one of these models the separate subsystems can be identified. It is shown that the optimal LQG controller for this case may then give an improved performance relative to an LQG controller based upon a single noise source model.
Receiver sensitivity of InGaAs/InP heterostructure avalanche photodiode with InGaAsP buffer layers at 1.5–1.6 μm region
- Author(s): Y. Matsushima ; N. Seki ; S. Akiba ; Y. Noda ; Y. Kushiro
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 845 –846
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830575
- Type: Article
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The experimental receiver sensitivity of an InGaAs/InP heterostructure avalanche photodiode with InGaAsP buffer layers is reported. The receiver sensitivity, measured at 1.5–1.6 μm wavelength and 280 Mbit/s, was −38.7 dBm for a 10−9 error rate, although the optimisations were not performed. But this sensitivity was better than that of a p+−n Ge-APD by 2.5 dB at 1.59 μm wavelength.
New properties of double-layer coupled slot lines configuration
- Author(s): B. Janiczak and M. Kitliński
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 846 –848
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830576
- Type: Article
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846
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New properties of the double-layer coupled slot lines configuration are discussed. It is found that this structure is ideally suited for the construction of high-directivity couplers up to millimetre-wave frequencies.
Optical injection locking of X-band FET oscillator using coherent mixing of GaAlAs lasers
- Author(s): L. Goldberg ; C. Rauscher ; J.F. Weller ; H.F. Taylor
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 848 –850
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830577
- Type: Article
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A 9.6 GHz GaAs FET oscillator was optically injection locked at the fundamental frequency. The locking bandwidth was 1.6 MHz. The optical injecting signal was generated using coherent mixing of two semiconductor lasers injection locked by different FM sidebands of another laser.
Polarisation holding in coiled high-birefringence fibres
- Author(s): S.C. Rashleigh and M.J. Marrone
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 850 –851
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830578
- Type: Article
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The polarisation holding ability of high birefringence fibres wound into small coils is investigated. For coil diameters below 3 cm–4 cm, the polarisation holding degrades very quickly with decreasing diameter. The crosscoupling is thought to be due to microbending effects.
Edge diffraction by dielectric wedge of arbitrary angle
- Author(s): S.-Y. Kim ; J.-W. Ra ; S.-Y. Shin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 851 –853
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830579
- Type: Article
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851
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A method, which was developed for the calculation of edge diffraction by a right-angled dielectric wedge, is extended to a dielectric wedge of general angle. The edge diffraction pattern is calculated by solving a dual series equation numerically, and it is plotted to compare with that of perfectly conducting wedge.
Hot-electron noise generation in gallium-arsenide Schottky-barrier diodes
- Author(s): N.J. Keen and H. Zirath
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 853 –854
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830580
- Type: Article
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Measurements of excess (hot-electron) noise in a GaAs Schottky-barrier diode at room temperature are reported. A monotonic decrease with increasing frequency is found. It is concluded that only diode hot-electron noise at intermediate frequency contributes to the excess noise of a mixer.
Simple formula for the RCS of a finite hollow circular cylinder
- Author(s): C.-C. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 854 –856
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830581
- Type: Article
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A plain and simple, yet accurate, formula is obtained to calculate the backscattered radar cross-section (RCS) of a perfectly conducting, finite, hollow, circular cylinder with a closed termination. The reradiated field from the cavity region is evaluated via the Kirchhoff approximation and the reciprocity theorem. The scattering from the exterior surface is approximated by the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD), in conjunction with the equivalent current (EC) concept. The solution neglects the multiple scattering between the open and closed ends of the cavity and can be easily applied to the electromagnetic scattering from a very large cavity.
Probe correction in near field measurements by pseudo sampling technique
- Author(s): G. D'Elia ; G. Leone ; R. Pierri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 856 –858
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830582
- Type: Article
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This letter describes an application of the pseudo sampling technique to the near-field far-field measurements taking into account the influence of the probe. This technique allows the reduction of the measured data and, consequently, the storage requirements and the computer time. The method can be applied to the computation of the probe position error bypassing the difficulty of mechanical scanning.
Low-loss unidirectional SAW filters using integrated microinductors
- Author(s): J.K. Gautam ; T. Meguro ; K. Yamanouchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 858 –860
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830583
- Type: Article
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A SAW filter (using GUDTs for excitation and detection) has been described, requiring no external discrete components for the matching and the phase shifting networks. Using this design the filter can be fabricated on a single chip of substrate using the integrated-circuit fabrication procedures. The theoretical analysis has been done using the crossfield equivalent-circuit model of the filter and the results are in good correspondence with the experimental results.
Characterising buildings for propagation at 900 MHz
- Author(s): S.E. Alexander
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, page: 860 –860
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830584
- Type: Article
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A wide range of buildings are characterised for propagation at 900 MHz. Coverage areas and distance/power laws are given for making propagation predictions according to the building construction.
New approach to calculation of electromagnetic scattering by a perfectly conducting rectangular cylinder
- Author(s): S. Sugimoto and S. Kozaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, p. 861 –862
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830585
- Type: Article
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A new method for analysing the scattering of a plane wave by a perfectly conducting rectangular cylinder is described. The field expression is easily represented as a superposition of two solutions for the scattering by a conducting wedge. The numerical results are in full agreement with the well known integral solution. Computer time is very short compared with the conventional result. This analysis will be applicable to the rectangular cylinder which is much greater than a wavelength.
Erratum: Calculating transfer function and its first- and second-order sensitivities using one network analysis
- Author(s): P.H. di Mambro
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 19, Issue 20, page: 862 –862
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19830586
- Type: Article
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