Hydroxyapatite microplates were synthesised by the Sol–Gel method using a mixture of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate. The reaction took place at room temperature for 48 h, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C calcination temperatures were made in order to study the effect of this temperature on the growth and morphology of the nanostructures. Crystalline composition, functional groups and surface morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Hydroxyapatite microplates with average dimensions of 40 μm × 13 μm was obtained, the morphology of the surface is well defined in the form of a plate composed of a large number of small nanofibers. According to the studies by XRD, preferential orientations in the directions (200) and (002) were observed which is attributed to the conditions of synthesis.

References

1. 1)
  - 14. Lim, G.K., Wang, J., Ng, S.C., et al: ‘Formation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite in nonionic surfactant emulsions’, Langmuir, 1999, 15, pp. 7472–7477 (doi: 10.1021/la981659+).
2. 2)
  - 7. Pramanik, S., Agarwal, A.K., Rai, K.N., et al: ‘Development of high strength hydroxyapatite by solid-state-sintering process’, Ceram. Int., 2007, 33, pp. 419–426 (doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.10.025).
3. 3)
  - 2. Jarcho, M.: ‘Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics’, Clin. Orthop., 1981, 157, pp. 259–278.
4. 4)
  - 13. Sun, Y.X., Guo, G.S., Tao, D.L., et al: ‘Reverse microemulsion-directed synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles under hydrothermal conditions’, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2007, 68, pp. 373–377 (doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.11.026).
5. 5)
  - 3. Bhalla, N., Di Lorenzo, M., Pula, G., et al: ‘Protein phosphorylation detection using dual-mode field-effect devices and nanoplasmonic sensors’, Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, p. 8687 (doi: 10.1038/srep08687).
6. 6)
  - 4. Roeder, R.K., Converse, G.L., Leng, H., et al: ‘Kinetic effects on hydroxyapatite whiskers synthesized by the chelate decomposition method’, Am. Ceram. Soc., 2006, 89, (7), pp. 2096–2104.
7. 7)
  - 17. Chen, J., Wang, Y., Chen, X., et al: ‘A simple sol-gel technique for synthesis of nanostructured hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and biphasic powders’, Mater. Lett., 2011, 65, pp. 1923–1926 (doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.076).
8. 8)
  - 25. Joris, S.J., Amberg, C.H.: ‘Nature of deficiency in nonstoichiometric  hydroxyapatites. II. Spectroscopic studies of calcium and  strontium hydroxyapatites’, J. Phys. Chem., 1971, 75, pp. 3172–3178 (doi: 10.1021/j100689a025).
9. 9)
  - 6. Ramachandra Rao, R., Roopa, H.N., Kannan, T.S.: ‘Solid state synthesis and thermal stability of HAp and Hap-β-TCP composite ceramic powders’, J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med., 1997, 8, (8), pp. 511–518 (doi: 10.1023/A:1018586412270).
10. 10)
  - 15. Kim, I.S., Kumta, P.N.: ‘Sol–gel synthesis and characterization of nanostructured hydroxyapatite powder’, Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 2004, 111, pp. 232–236 (doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2004.04.011).
11. 11)
  - 8. Wang, Y.J., Zhang, S.H., Wei, K., et al: ‘Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanopowders using cationic surfactant as a template’, Mater. Lett., 2006, 60, pp. 1484–1487 (doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.11.053).
12. 12)
  - 20. Cabrera, J.L., Velázquez-Castillo, R., Rivera-Muñoz, E.M.: ‘Synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanostructures using microwave heating’, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2011, 11, pp. 1–7 (doi: 10.1166/jnn.2011.3433).
13. 13)
  - 19. Mote, V.D., Purushotham, Y.: ‘Williamson-hall analysis in estimation of lattice strain in nanometer-sized ZnO particles’, J. Theor. Appl. Phys., 2012, 6, p. 6 (doi: 10.1186/2251-7235-6-6).
14. 14)
  - 22. Liu, D.-M., Troczynski, T., Tseng, W.J.: ‘Water-based sol-gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: process development’, Biomaterials, 2001, 22, pp. 1721–1730 (doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00332-X).
15. 15)
  - 23. Klee, W.E., Engel, G.: ‘Infrared spectra of the phosphate ions in various apatites’, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1970, 32, pp. 1837–1843 (doi: 10.1016/0022-1902(70)80590-5).
16. 16)
  - 9. Prélot, B., Zemb, T.: ‘Calcium phosphate precipitation in catanionic templates’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2005, 25, pp. 553–559 (doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.07.008).
17. 17)
  - 21. Oh, S.-H., Finõnes, R.R., Daraio, C., et al: ‘Growth of nano-scale hydroxyapatite using chemically treated titanium oxide nanotubes’, Biomaterials, 2005, 26, pp. 4938–4943 (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.048).
18. 18)
  - 1. Hench, L.L.: ‘Bioceramics: from concept to clinic’, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1991, 74, (7), pp. 1487–1510 (doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x).
19. 19)
  - 18. Ruksudjarit, A., Pengpat, K., Rujijanagul, G., et al: ‘Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from natural bovine bone’, Curr. Appl. Phys., 2008, 8, pp. 270–272 (doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2007.10.076).
20. 20)
  - 3. Legeros, R.Z.: ‘Calcium phosphate materials in restorative dentistry: a review’, Adv. Dent. Res., 1988, 2, pp. 164–168 (doi: 10.1177/08959374880020011101).
21. 21)
  - 11. Lozano, N.M., Velázquez-Castillo, R., Rivera Muñoz, E.M., et al: ‘Crystal growth and structural analysis of hydroxyapatite nanofibers synthesized by the hydrothermal microwave-assisted method’, Ceramics Int., 2017, 43, pp. 451–457 (doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.179).
22. 22)
  - 12. Lim, G.K., Wang, J., Ng, S.C., et al: ‘Processing of hydroxyapatite via microemulsion and emulsion routes’, Biomaterials, 1997, 18, pp. 1433–1439 (doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00081-1).
23. 23)
  - 27. Giraldo-Betancur, A.L., Espinosa-Arbelaez, D.G., del Real-López, A., et al: ‘Comparison of physicochemical properties of bio and commercial hydroxyapatite’, Cur. Appl. Phys., 2013, 13, pp. 1383–1390 (doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2013.04.019).
24. 24)
  - 28. Krumdieck, S.P., Reyngoud, B.P., Barnett, A.D., et al: ‘Deposition of bio-integration ceramic hydroxyapatite by pulsed-pressure MOCVD using a single liquid precursor solution’, Chem. Vap. Deposition, 2010, 16, pp. 55–63 (doi: 10.1002/cvde.200906839).
25. 25)
  - 16. Simon, V., Cavalu, S., Simon, S., et al: ‘Surface functionalisation of sol–gel derived aluminosilicates in simulated body fluids’, Solid State Ion., 2009, 180, pp. 764–769 (doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2009.02.011).
26. 26)
  - 24. Fowler, B.O.: ‘Infrared studies of apatites I. Vibrational assignments for calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxyapatites utilizing isotopic substitution’, Inorg. Chem., 1974, 13, pp. 194–207 (doi: 10.1021/ic50131a039).
27. 27)
  - 5. Bose, S., Saha, S.K.: ‘Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanopowders by emulsion technique’, Chem. Mater., 2003, 15, pp. 4464–4469 (doi: 10.1021/cm0303437).
28. 28)
  - 10. Ioku, K., Yamauchi, S., Fujimori, H., et al: ‘Hydrothermal preparation of fibrous apatite and apatite sheet’, Solid State Ion., 2002, 151, pp. 147–150 (doi: 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00593-3).

Crystal growth of hydroxyapatite microplates synthesised by Sol–Gel method

References

Related content