© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
A facile method for fabricating polymer carbon dots (PCDs) with characteristic dual-emission at 570 and 620 nm by 1,8-naphthalenediol in n-propanol solvents was designed. The synthesised PCDs possessed fluorescence enhancement performance toward the water in organic solvents. Based on this peculiar phenomenon, a highly efficient fluorescent probe for water detection in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and n-propanol was established with a wide detection range from 0 to 50%. The probe can also be utilised to determine water content in other organic solvents. The practical application was explored by studying the response of PCDs toward the water in various spirit samples. This method may offer a new way of detecting water in organic solvents by PCDs.
References
-
-
1)
-
29. Dong, Y., Pang, H., Yang, H.B., et al: ‘Carbon-based dots co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur for high quantum yield and excitation-independent emission’, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2013, 52, (30), pp. 7800–7804 (doi: 10.1002/anie.201301114).
-
2)
-
19. Chen, W.H., Xing, Y., Pang, Y.: ‘A highly selective pyrophosphate sensor based on ESIPT turn-on in water’, Org. Lett., 2016, 13, (6), pp. 1362–1365 (doi: 10.1021/ol200054w).
-
3)
-
12. de Almeida, F.C., Biazon, C.L., de Oliveira, E.C.: ‘Uncertainty evaluation and validation of the test specimen size reduction in the determination of water content in crude oils by coulometric Karl Fischer titration’, Pet. Sci. Technol., 2017, 35, (11), pp. 1135–1140 (doi: 10.1080/10916466.2017.1310885).
-
4)
-
35. Wang, A., Fan, R., Dong, Y., et al: ‘Novel hydrogen-bonding cross-linking aggregation-induced emission: water as a fluorescent ‘ribbon’ detected in a wide range’, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9, (18), pp. 15744–15757 (doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b01254).
-
5)
-
2. Li, W., Zhang, Z., Kong, B., et al: ‘Simple and green synthesis of nitrogen-doped photoluminescent carbonaceous nanospheres for bioimaging’, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2013, 52, (31), pp. 8151–8155 (doi: 10.1002/anie.201303927).
-
6)
-
11. Montalvo, J., Von Hoven, T., Cintron, M.S.: ‘Evaluation of Karl Fischer titration vial closure integrity for extended storage of cotton test specimens’, AATCC J. Res., 2018, 5, (14), pp. 7–20 (doi: 10.14504/ajr.5.1.2).
-
7)
-
7. Lu, S., Sui, L., Liu, J., et al: ‘Near-infrared photoluminescent polymer–carbon nanodots with two-photon fluorescence’, Adv. Mater., 2017, 29, (15), p. 1603443 (doi: 10.1002/adma.201603443).
-
8)
-
4. Smith, A.M., Mancini, M.C., Nie, S.: ‘Enhanced fluorescence from carbon nanotubes and advances in near-infrared cameras have opened up a new wavelength window for small animal imaging’, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2009, 4, pp. 710–711 (doi: 10.1038/nnano.2009.326).
-
9)
-
13. Evans, G.P., Buckley, D.J., Adedigba, A.L., et al: ‘Controlling the cross-sensitivity of carbon nanotube-based gas sensors to water using zeolites’, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, (41), pp. 28096–28104 (doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b10042).
-
10)
-
17. Baker, S.N., Baker, G.A.: ‘Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights’, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, (38), pp. 6726–6744 (doi: 10.1002/anie.200906623).
-
11)
-
20. Bao, L., Zhang, Z.L., Tian, Z.Q., et al: ‘Electrochemical tuning of luminescent carbon nanodots: from preparation to luminescence mechanism’, Adv. Mater., 2011, 23, (48), pp. 5801–5806 (doi: 10.1002/adma.201102866).
-
12)
-
23. Oshikawa, Y., Ojida, A.: ‘PET-dependent fluorescence sensing of enzyme reactions using the large and tunable pKa shift of aliphatic amines’, Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, (97), pp. 11373–11375 (doi: 10.1039/c3cc46824k).
-
13)
-
14. Wang, X.F., Ding, B., Yu, J.Y., et al: ‘Highly sensitive humidity sensors based on electro-spinning/netting a polyamide 6 nano-fiber/net modified by polyethyleneimine’, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, (40), pp. 16231–16238 (doi: 10.1039/c1jm13037d).
-
14)
-
16. Rittersma, Z.M.: ‘Recent achievements in miniaturised humidity sensors—a review of transduction techniques’, Sens. Actuators A, Phys., 2002, 96, (2-3), pp. 196–210 (doi: 10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00788-9).
-
15)
-
18. Ooyama, Y., Matsugasako, A., Oka, K., et al: ‘Fluorescence PET (photo-induced electron transfer, sensors for water based on anthracene-boronic acid ester’, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, (15), pp. 4448–4450 (doi: 10.1039/c1cc10470e).
-
16)
-
3. Tang, J., Zhang, Y., Kong, B., et al: ‘Solar-driven photoelectrochemical probing of nanodot/nanowire/cell interface’, Nano Lett., 2014, 14, (5), pp. 2702–2708 (doi: 10.1021/nl500608w).
-
17)
-
22. Sunahara, H., Urano, Y., Kojima, H., et al: ‘Design and synthesis of a library of BODIPY-based environmental polarity sensors utilizing photoinduced electron-transfer-controlled fluorescence on/off switching’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, (17), pp. 5597–5604 (doi: 10.1021/ja068551y).
-
18)
-
30. Bardhan, R., Grady, N.K., Cole, J.R., et al: ‘Fluorescence enhancement by Au nanostructures: nanoshells and nanorods’, ACS Nano, 2009, 3, (3), pp. 744–752 (doi: 10.1021/nn900001q).
-
19)
-
17. Deng, Q., Li, Y., Wu, J., et al: ‘Highly sensitive fluorescent sensing for water based on poly(m-aminobenzoic acid)’, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, (24), pp. 3009–3011 (doi: 10.1039/c2cc17856g).
-
20)
-
34. Li, H., He, X., Kang, Z., et al: ‘Water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design’, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2010, 49, (26), pp. 4430–4434 (doi: 10.1002/anie.200906154).
-
21)
-
8. Chen, X., Tian, X., Shin, I., et al: ‘Fluorescent and luminescent probes for detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species’, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40, (9), pp. 4783–4804 (doi: 10.1039/c1cs15037e).
-
22)
-
32. Xu, X., Ray, R., Gu, Y., et al: ‘Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, (40), pp. 12736–12737 (doi: 10.1021/ja040082h).
-
23)
-
33. Xu, Q., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., et al: ‘Enhancing the luminescence of carbon dots by doping nitrogen element and its application in the detection of Fe(III)’, J. Mater. Sci., 2015, 50, (6), pp. 2571–2576 (doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-8822-6).
-
24)
-
9. Ooyama, Y., Sumomogi, M., Nagano, T., et al: ‘Detection of water in organic solvents by photo-induced electron transfer method’, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2011, 9, (5), pp. 1314–1316 (doi: 10.1039/C0OB00933D).
-
25)
-
10. Liang, Y.Y.: ‘Automation of Karl Fischer water titration by flow injection sampling’, Anal. Chem., 2002, 62, (22), pp. 2021–2025.
-
26)
-
1. Jung, H.S., Verwilst, P., Kim, W.Y., et al: ‘Fluorescent and colorimetric sensors for the detection of humidity or water content’, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45, (5), pp. 1242–1256 (doi: 10.1039/C5CS00494B).
-
27)
-
27. Nie, H., Li, M., Li, Q., et al: ‘Carbon dots with continuously tunable full-color emission and their application in ratio-metric pH sensing’, Chem. Mater., 2014, 26, (10), pp. 3104–3112 (doi: 10.1021/cm5003669).
-
28)
-
31. Wu, W., Zhan, L., Fan, W., et al: ‘Cu–N dopants boost electron transfer and photooxidation reactions of carbon dots’, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2015, 54, (22), pp. 6540–6544 (doi: 10.1002/anie.201501912).
-
29)
-
26. Qu, K., Wang, J., Ren, J., et al: ‘Carbon dots prepared by hydrothermal treatment of dopamine as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for the label-free detection of iron (III, ions and dopamine’, Chem. Eur J., 2013, 19, (22), pp. 7243–7249 (doi: 10.1002/chem.201300042).
-
30)
-
21. Kim, T.I., Kim, Y.: ‘A water indicator strip: instantaneous fluorogenic detection of water in organic solvents, drugs, and foodstuffs’, Anal. Chem., 2017, 89, (6), pp. 3768–3772 (doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00270).
-
31)
-
25. Wang, W.J., Xia, J.M., Feng, J., et al: ‘Green preparation of carbon dots for intracellular pH sensing and multicolor live cell imaging’, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2016, 4, (44), pp. 7130–7137 (doi: 10.1039/C6TB02071B).
-
32)
-
5. Song, Y., Zhu, S., Shao, J., et al: ‘Polymer carbon dots-a highlight reviewing their unique structure, bright emission and probable photoluminescence mechanism’, Polym. Chem., 2017, 55, (4), pp. 610–615 (doi: 10.1002/pola.28416).
-
33)
-
24. Ye, C., Qin, Y., Huang, P., et al: ‘Facile synthesis of carbon nanodots with surface state-modulated fluorescence for highly sensitive and real-time detection of water in organic solvents’, Anal. Chem. Acta, 2018, 1034, pp. 144–152 (doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.003).
-
34)
-
15. Liu, K.W., Sakurai, M., Aono, M.: ‘One-step fabrication of β-Ga2O3–amorphous-SnO2 core–shell microribbons and their thermally switchable humidity sensing properties’, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, (25), pp. 12882–12887 (doi: 10.1039/c2jm32230g).
-
35)
-
6. An, J., Shade, C.M., Chengelis-Czegan, D.A., et al: ‘Zinc-adeninate metal–organic framework for aqueous encapsulation and sensitization of near-infrared and visible emitting lanthanide cations’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, (5), pp. 1220–1223 (doi: 10.1021/ja109103t).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/mnl.2019.0170
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/mnl.2019.0170
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6