In the current study, the successful application of polypyrrole-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated as a suitable sorbent in the magnetic-dispersive solid phase extraction mode to the preconcentration and determination of atorvastatin (AT) in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Iron oxide NPs were prepared by co-precipitation method and the polypyrrole compound was used to modify their surface. The structure and NP size of Fe₃O₄@PPy NPs were characterised by Fourier-transform infrared technique and scanning electron microscopy. Some factors affecting the extraction efficiency, including the pH value, amount of sorbent, extraction time, elution type and its volume and desorption time were optimised. Under the optimum conditions, magnetic NPs extraction of standard solution of AT showed a linear calibration curve in the range of 0.1–1000 μg l⁻¹ with R ² = 0.9962. The method was sensitive, with a low limit of detection (0.10 μg l⁻¹) and quantification (0.38 μg l⁻¹). The relative standard deviation of five extractions at the concentration level of 0.1 μg l⁻¹ was 4.2. Good recoveries (92.00–98.10%) with low relative standard deviations (6.0–2.4%) indicated that the matrices do not significantly affect the extraction process. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used to measure AT in human serum samples.

References

1. 1)
  - 27. Ertürk, S., Aktas, E.S., Ersoy, L., et al: ‘An HPLC method for the determination of atorvastatin and its impurities in bulk drug and tablets’, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2003, 33, pp. 1017–1023 (doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00408-4).
2. 2)
  - 14. Vasconcelos, I., Fernandes, C.: ‘Magnetic solid phase extraction for determination of drugs in biological matrices’, Trends Analyt. Chem., 2017, 89, pp. 41–52 (doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.11.011).
3. 3)
  - 1. Bakker-Arkema, R.G., Best, J., Fayyad, R., et al: ‘A brief review paper of the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in early clinical trials’, Atherosclerosis, 1997, 131, pp. 17–23 (doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)06066-8).
4. 4)
  - 2. Abbar, J.C., Nandibewoor, S.T.: ‘Voltammetric oxidation and determination of atorvastatin based on the enhancement effect of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide at a carbon paste electrode’, Colloid. Surf. B, 2013, 106, pp. 158–164 (doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.045).
5. 5)
  - 22. Tahmasebi, E., Yamini, Y., Seidi, S., et al: ‘Extraction of three nitrophenols using polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles based on anion exchange process’, J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1314, pp. 15–23 (doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.012).
6. 6)
  - 6. Stringer, H.A., Sohi, G.K., Maguire, J.A., et al: ‘Decreased skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA in patients with statin-induced myopathy’, J. Neurol. Sci., 2013, 325, pp. 142–147 (doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.12.023).
7. 7)
  - 26. Bahrami, G., Mohammadi, B., Mirzaeei, S., et al: ‘Determination of atorvastatin in human serum by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection’, J. Chromatogr. B, 2005, 826, pp. 41–45 (doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.08.008).
8. 8)
  - 11. Farajzadeh, M.A., Khorram, P., Pazhohan, A.: ‘Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and valsartan in human plasma by solid-based disperser liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection’, J. Chromatogr. B., 2016, 1017–1018, pp. 62–69 (doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.039).
9. 9)
  - 15. Justyna, P.W., Szczepańska, N., Guardia, M., et al: ‘Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques’, Trends Analyt. Chem., 2015, 73, pp. 19–38 (doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.026).
10. 10)
  - 8. Stanisz, B., Kania, L.: ‘Validation of HPLC method for determination of atorvastatin in tablets and for monitoring stability in solid phase’, Acta Pol. Pharm., 2006, 63, pp. 471–476.
11. 11)
  - 5. Bonifacio, A., Mullen, P.J., Mityko, I.S., et al: ‘Simvastatin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and increased atrogin-1 expression in H9C2 cardiomyocytes and mice in vivo’, Arch. Toxicol., 2016, 90, pp. 203–215 (doi: 10.1007/s00204-014-1378-4).
12. 12)
  - 13. Hermann, M., Christensen, H., Reubsaet, J.: ‘Determination of atorvastatin and metabolites in human plasma with solid-phase extraction followed by LC–tandem MS’, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2005, 382, pp. 1242–1249 (doi: 10.1007/s00216-005-3266-5).
13. 13)
  - 24. Panda, R.N., Hsieh, M.F., Chung, R.J., et al: ‘FTIR, XRD, SEM and solid state NMR investigations of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite nano-particles synthesized by hydroxide-gel technique’, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2003, 64, pp. 193–199 (doi: 10.1016/S0022-3697(02)00257-3).
14. 14)
  - 10. Gibson, D.M., Stern, R., Abel, R.B.: ‘Absolute bioavailability of atorvastatin in man [abstract]’, Pharm. Res., 1997, 14, p. S253.
15. 15)
  - 9. Ma, L., Dong, J., Che, X.J., et al: ‘Development and validation of atorvastatin by LC–ESI–MS and application in bioequivalence research in healthy Chinese volunteers’, Chromatographia, 2007, 65, pp. 737–741 (doi: 10.1365/s10337-007-0236-4).
16. 16)
  - 7. Shirkhedkar, A.A., Surana, S.J.: ‘Development and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for determination of atorvastatin calcium in bulk drug and tablets’, J. AOAC Int., 2010, 93, pp. 798–803.
17. 17)
  - 25. Asgharinezhad, A.A., Ebrahimzadeh, H., Mirbabaei, M., et al: ‘Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines from biological fluids based on polyaniline/magnetic nanoparticles composite’, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2014, 844, pp. 80–89 (doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.007).
18. 18)
  - 3. Bakker-Arkema, R.G., Davidson, M.H., Goldstein, R.J., et al: ‘Efficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia’, Am. Med. Assoc., 1996, 275, pp. 128–133 (doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530260042029).
19. 19)
  - 23. Asgharinezhad, A.A., Karami, S., Ebrahimzadeh, H., et al: ‘Polypyrrole/magnetic nanoparticles composite as an efficient sorbent for dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of antidepressant drugs from biological fluids’, Int. J. Pharm., 2015, 494, (1), pp. 102–112 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.001).
20. 20)
  - 17. Asiabi, H., Yamini, Y., Seidi, S., et al: ‘Electroplating of nanostructured polyaniline-polypyrrole composite coating in a stainless-steel tube for on-line in-tube solid phase microextraction’, J. Chromatogr. A, 2015, 1397, pp. 19–26 (doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.015).
21. 21)
  - 4. Hassan, J., Bahrani, S.H.: ‘Determination of atorvastatin in human serum by salting out assisted solvent extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography–UV detection’, Arabian J. Chem., 2014, 7, pp. 87–90 (doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.057).
22. 22)
  - 20. Saoudi, B., Jammul, N., Abel, M.L., et al: ‘DNA adsorption onto conducting polypyrrole’, Synth. Met., 1997, 87, (2), pp. 97–103 (doi: 10.1016/S0379-6779(96)03812-X).
23. 23)
  - 16. Mehdi, D., Ghaedi, M., Asfaram, A., et al: ‘Cu@SnS/SnO2 nanoparticles as novel sorbent for dispersive micro solid phase extraction of atorvastatin in human plasma and urine samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection application of central composite design (CCD)’, Ultrason. Sonochem., 2017, 36, pp. 42–49 (doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.10.030).
24. 24)
  - 12. Martín, J., Buchberger, W., Alonso, E., et al: ‘Comparison of different extraction methods for the determination of statin drugs in wastewater and river water by HPLC/Q-TOF-MS’, Talanta, 2011, 85, pp. 607–615 (doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.017).
25. 25)
  - 21. Meng, J., Bu, J., Deng, C., et al: ‘Preparation of polypyrrole-coated magnetic particles for micro solid-phase extraction of phthalates in water by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis’, J. Chromatogr. A, 2011, 1218, (12), pp. 1585–1591 (doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.057).
26. 26)
  - 18. Saugo, M., Flamini, D.O., Brugnoni, L.I., et al: ‘Silver deposition on polypyrrole films electrosynthesised onto nitinol alloy. Corrosion protection and antibacterial activity’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2015, 56, pp. 95–103 (doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.014).
27. 27)
  - 19. Zhang, X., Bai, R., Tong, Y.W.: ‘Selective adsorption behaviors of proteins on polypyrrole-based adsorbents’, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2006, 52, (1), pp. 161–169 (doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2006.04.001).

Polypyrrole-modified magnetic nanoparticles for preconcentration of atorvastatin in human serum prior to its determination using high-performance liquid chromatography

References

Related content