© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Additive manufacturing (AM) of spongy (cancellous) microstructures in the development and application of piezoelectric sprayers was investigated. The structures featuring microfluidic channels were made of solid polylactic acid (PLA) by fused deposition modelling (FDM) designed with a width of 35 mm, a depth of 25 mm, a height of 56 mm, and a cross-layer thickness of 2 mm. In total nine network structures were altered with the line widths (W d) from 300 to 500 μm and the line spacing (S d) from 250 to 400 μm. Then, one piezoelectric plate and another micronozzle array were assembled with the structures as a microactuator. The piezoelectric actuator had a resonance frequency of 107.8 ± 1 kHz, in which it generated microsprays of 3 ml water with a typical volumetric rate of ∼1.1 ml/min. On the basis of FDM with PLA, the works’ dimensional error analysis showed that the minimum AM errors (<5%) between the design and actual dimensions occurred with the W d of 350 μm and the S d of 300–350 μm. In addition, they experimentally discovered anisotropic wettability and different roughness of the PLA layered surfaces, largely concerning the microfluidic performance of the network structures of the piezoelectric sprayer.
References
-
-
1)
-
16. Castilho, M., Pires, I., Gouveia, B., et al: ‘Structural evaluation of scaffolds prototypes produced by three-dimensional printing’, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2011, 56, pp. 561–569 (doi: 10.1007/s00170-011-3219-4).
-
2)
-
37. Oomen, P.E., Mulder, J.P.S.H., Verpoorte, E., et al: ‘Controlled, synchronized actuation of microdroplets by gravity in a superhydrophobic, 3D-printed device’, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2017, 988, pp. 50–57 (doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.010).
-
3)
-
6. Au, A.K., Huynh, W., Horowitz, L.F., et al: ‘3D-printed microfluidics’, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016, 55, pp. 3862–3881 (doi: 10.1002/anie.201504382).
-
4)
-
3. Steirer, K.X., Berry, J.J., Reese, M.O., et al: ‘Ultrasonically sprayed and inkjet printed thin film electrodes for organic solar cells’, Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517, pp. 2781–2786 (doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.10.124).
-
5)
-
29. Tsao, C.W., Lei, I.C., Chen, P.Y., et al: ‘Piezo-ring-on-chip microfluidic device for simple and low-cost mass spectrometry interfacing’, Analyst, 2018, 143, pp. 981–988 (doi: 10.1039/C7AN01548H).
-
6)
-
33. Whirl Best Int. Com. .
-
7)
-
38. Zhou, Z., Cunningham, E., Lennon, A., et al: ‘Effects of poly (ɛ-caprolactone) coating on the properties of three-dimensional printed porous structures’, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2017, 70, pp. 68–83 (doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.04.035).
-
8)
-
23. Bauer, J., Hengsbach, S., Tesari, I., et al: ‘High-strength cellular ceramic composites with 3D microarchitecture’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2014, 111, pp. 2453–2458 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.1315147111).
-
9)
-
28. Munoz-Sandoval, E., Fajardo-Diaz, J.L., Sanchez-Salas, R., et al: ‘Two sprayer CVD synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon sponge-type nanomaterials’, Sci. Rep., 2018, 8, p. 2983 (doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20079-9).
-
10)
-
14. Lee, W.C., Wei, C.C., Chung, S.C.: ‘Development of a hybrid rapid prototyping system using low-cost fused deposition modeling and five-axis machining’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214, pp. 2366–2374 (doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.05.004).
-
11)
-
20. Zein, I., Hutmacher, D.W., Tan, K.C., et al: ‘Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications’, Biomaterials, 2002, 23, pp. 1169–1185 (doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00232-0).
-
12)
-
11. Ventola, C.L.: ‘Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses’, Pharm. Ther., 2014, 39, pp. 704–711.
-
13)
-
26. Sherrell, P.C., Mattevi, C.: ‘Mesoscale design of multifunctional 3D graphene networks’, Mater. Today, 2016, 19, pp. 428–436 (doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.12.004).
-
14)
-
36. Su, W., Wu, Z., Fang, Y., et al: ‘3D printed wearable flexible SIW and microfluidics sensors for Internet of things and smart health applications’. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. (IMS), HI, USA, 2017.
-
15)
-
17. Lanzotti, A., Grasso, M., Staiano, G., et al: ‘The impact of process parameters on mechanical properties of parts fabricated in PLA with an open-source 3-D printer’, Rapid Prototyping J., 2015, 21, (5), pp. 604–619 (doi: 10.1108/RPJ-09-2014-0135).
-
16)
-
10. Zhu, C., Han, Y.J., Duoss, E.B., et al: ‘Highly compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices’, Nat. Commun., 2015, 6, pp. 6962 (doi: 10.1038/ncomms7962).
-
17)
-
22. Hung, K.C., Tseng, C.S., Dai, L.G., et al: ‘Water-based polyurethane 3D printed scaffolds with controlled release function for customized cartilage tissue engineering’, Biomaterials, 2016, 83, pp. 156–168 (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.019).
-
18)
-
39. Yang, Y., Li, X., Chen, Z., et al: ‘3D-printed biomimetic super-hydrophobic structure for microdroplet manipulation and oil/water separation’, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, p. 1704912 (doi: 10.1002/adma.201704912).
-
19)
-
32. Song, X., Zhu, C., Fan, D., et al: ‘A novel human-like collagen hydrogen scaffold with porous structure and sponge-like properties’, Polymers, 2018, 9, p. 638 (doi: 10.3390/polym9120638).
-
20)
-
21. Kalita, S.J., Bose, S., Hosick, H.L., et al: ‘Development of controlled porosity polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds via fused deposition modeling’, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2003, 23, pp. 611–620 (doi: 10.1016/S0928-4931(03)00052-3).
-
21)
-
18. Lee, J.Y., Tan, W.S., An, J., et al: ‘The potential to enhance membrane module design with 3D printing technology’, J. Membr. Sci., 2016, 499, pp. 480–490 (doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.11.008).
-
22)
-
35. Chen, H., Cheng, W.L., Peng, Y.H., et al: ‘Experimental study on optimal spray parameters of piezoelectric atomizer based spray cooling’, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2016, 103, pp. 57–65 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.07.037).
-
23)
-
19. Hutmacher, D.W.: ‘Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartridge’, Biomaterials, 2000, 21, pp. 2529–2543 (doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00121-6).
-
24)
-
13. Guo, S.Z., Gosselin, F., Guerin, N., et al: ‘Solvent-cast three-dimensional printing of multifunctional microsystems’, Small, 2013, 9, pp. 4118–4122 (doi: 10.1002/smll.201300975).
-
25)
-
15. Llewellyn-Jones, T., Allen, R., Trask, R.: ‘Curved layer fused filament fabrication using automated toolpath generation’, 3D Print. Additive Manuf., 2016, 3, pp. 236–243 (doi: 10.1089/3dp.2016.0033).
-
26)
-
30. Yan, Q., Zhang, J., Huang, J., et al: ‘The effect of vibration characteristics on the atomization rate in a micro-tapered aperture atomizer’, Sensors, 2018, 18, p. 934 (doi: 10.3390/s18040934).
-
27)
-
5. Chen, C.T.: ‘Generation and evaporation of microsprays’, inYu, X.Y. (Ed.): ‘Advances in microfluidics – new applications in biology, energy, and materials sciences’ (InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2016), pp. 315–334.
-
28)
-
4. Chen, C.T.: ‘Inkjet printing of microcomponents: theory, design, characteristics, and applications’, inKamanina, N. (Ed.): ‘Features of liquid crystal display materials and processes’ (InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2011), pp. 43–60.
-
29)
-
31. Hsieh, S.S., Chang, W.C.: ‘Microspray quenching on nanotextured surfaces via a piezoelectric atomizer with multiple arrays of micronozzles’, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2018, 121, pp. 832–844 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.044).
-
30)
-
1. Higuma, M., Ikeda, M., Sugama, S., et al: ‘Ink filling method and apparatus for ink cartridge’. , USA, 1998.
-
31)
-
9. Compton, B.G., Lewis, J.A.: ‘3D-printing of lightweight cellular composites’, Adv. Mater., 2014, 26, pp. 5930–5935 (doi: 10.1002/adma.201401804).
-
32)
-
25. Chen, C.T., Huang, C.C.: ‘Microelectroforming and evaluation of honeycomb-groove nozzle plates of piezoelectric actuators for microspray’, J. Micro/Nanolithography MEMS MOEMS, 2016, 15, p. 035002 (doi: 10.1117/1.JMM.15.3.035002).
-
33)
-
2. Yu, N.C.: ‘Atomizing sprayer’. , USA, 2015.
-
34)
-
12. Crump, S.S.: ‘Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects’. , USA, 1992.
-
35)
-
27. Hsieh, S.S., Yeh, Y.F., Li, Y.F.: ‘Microspray flow/thermal characteristics via a micro-piezoelectric atomizer with single and multiple arrays of micronozzles’, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 2018, 93, pp. 96–107 (doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.12.023).
-
36)
-
7. Wong, K.V., Hernandez, A.: ‘A review of additive manufacturing’, ISRN Mech. Eng., 2012, 2012, p. 208760 (doi: 10.5402/2012/208760).
-
37)
-
34. Zhong, X., Lam, S.: ‘Perpetual-operation frequency response and equivalent circuit modeling of piezoelectric ultrasonic atomizer devices’. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. (IUS), Taipei, Taiwan, 2015.
-
38)
-
24. Chen, C.T., Wang, H.Y.: ‘Droplet generation and evaporative cooling using micro piezoelectric actuators with ring-surrounded circular nozzles’, Microsyst. Technol., 2015, 21, pp. 2067–2075 (doi: 10.1007/s00542-014-2379-1).
-
39)
-
8. Chen, C.T.: ‘Microfabrication processes and applications of liquid photosensitive materials’, inTiwari, A., Polykarpov, A. (Eds.): ‘Photocured materials’ (RSC, Cambridge, UK, 2015), pp. 103–120.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/mnl.2018.5114
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/mnl.2018.5114
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6