Corona ageing of the epoxy nanocomposites surface exhibits a high influence on contact angle of the material. A reduction in corona inception voltage due to water droplet, upon corona ageing, is less with epoxy composites, which has Wollastonite as filler followed with nano-micro silica filler added epoxy composites. Charge accumulation studies indicate that charge retention time drastically reduces with corona aged epoxy composite specimen. Epoxy composites with Wollastonite as filler have shown higher mean charge lifetime. Adoption of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for characterisation of samples is unique. Measure of threshold fluence and plasma temperatures through LIBS studies enables to classify the ageing condition of the composite material. Plasma temperature and threshold fluence are clear indicators to classify different materials. Plasma temperature is also an indicator of the hardness of the material. Epoxy composite with Wollastonite as filler is not affected by laser abrasion, which is in accordance with its superior performance with corona ageing, proving as discharge resistant material.

References

1. 1)
  - 23. Sarathi, R., Harsha, V.S., Griffiths, H., et al: ‘Understanding water droplet initiated discharges on epoxy nano composites under harmonic AC voltages adopting uhf technique’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2014, 21, (2), pp. 918–925 (doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2013.004378).
2. 2)
  - 15. Shen, J.P., Li, C.: ‘A semi-continuum-based bending analysis for extreme-thin micro/nano-beams and new proposal for nonlocal differential constitution’, Compos. Struct., 2017, 172, pp. 210–220 (doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.070).
3. 3)
  - 17. Tanaka, T., Ohki, Y., Ochi, M., et al: ‘Enhanced partial discharge resistance of epoxy/clay nanocomposite prepared by newly developed organic modification and solubilization methods’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2008, 15, (1), pp. 81–89 (doi: 10.1109/T-DEI.2008.4446739).
4. 4)
  - 2. Fu, S.-Y., Feng, X.-Q., Lauke, B., et al: ‘Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites’, Compos. B, Eng., 2008, 39, (6), pp. 933–961 (doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002).
5. 5)
  - 21. Meyer, L.H., Jayaram, S.H., Cherney, E.A.: ‘A novel technique to evaluate the erosion resistance of silicone rubber composites for high voltage outdoor insulation using infrared laser erosion’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2005, 12, (6), pp. 1201–1208 (doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1561800).
6. 6)
  - 5. Omrani, A., Simon, L.C., Rostami, A.A.: ‘The effects of alumina nanoparticle on the properties of an epoxy resin system’, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2009, 114, (1), pp. 145–150 (doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.08.090).
7. 7)
  - 34. Cowpe, J.S., Moorehead, R.D., Moser, D., et al: ‘Hardness determination of bio-ceramics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy’, Spectrochim. Acta B, 2011, 66, pp. 290–294 (doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2011.03.007).
8. 8)
  - 18. Iizuka, T., Uchida, K., Tanaka, T.: ‘Voltage endurance characteristics of epoxy/silica nanocomposites’, Electron. Commun. Jpn., 2011, 94, (12), pp. 65–73 (doi: 10.1002/ecj.10338).
9. 9)
  - 16. Tomášková, T., Harvánek, L., Trnka, P., et al: ‘New epoxy composite insulating material with nano fillers and micro fillers of silica with higher thermal conductivity’. 2016 Diagnostic of Electrical Machines and Insulating Systems in Electrical Engineering (DEMISEE), Papradno, 2016, pp. 89–93.
10. 10)
  - 28. Phillips, A.J., Childs, D., Schneider, H.: ‘Aging of nonceramic insulators due to corona from water drops’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (3), pp. 1081–1089 (doi: 10.1109/61.772357).
11. 11)
  - 20. Sarathi, R., Nagesh, G.: ‘UHF technique for identification of discharges initiated by liquid droplet in epoxy nanocomposite insulation material under ac voltages’, J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, pp. 1–10 (doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/15/155407).
12. 12)
  - 13. Ahmadizadegan, H., Fatemeh Ghavvas, B., Mahdi Ranjbar, B., et al: ‘Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated polyimide/ TiO2 nanocomposites: enhancement of separation of four gases, thermal, optical and mechanical properties’, Polym. Bull., 2018, 75, (7), pp. 2729–2750 (doi: 10.1007/s00289-017-2179-8).
13. 13)
  - 11. Iyer, G., Gorur, R.S., Richert, R., et al: ‘Evaluation of epoxy based nanodielectric for high voltage outdoor insulation’. 2010 IEEE Int. Symp. Electrical Insulation, San Diego, CA, 2010, pp. 1–5.
14. 14)
  - 48. Nazemi, M.H., Hinrichsen, V.: ‘Experimental investigations on water droplet oscillation and partial discharge inception voltage on polymeric insulating surfaces under the influence of AC electric field stress’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2013, 20, (2), pp. 443–453 (doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2013.6508746).
15. 15)
  - 1. Tanaka, T., Imai, T.: ‘Advanced nanodielectrics: fundamentals and applications’ (CRC Press, United States, 2017), ISBN 9789814745024 - CAT# N11881.
16. 16)
  - 6. Lee, J.-Y., Shim, M.-J., Kim, S.-W: ‘Effect of natural zeolite on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix’, Polym. Eng. Sci., 1999, 39, pp. 1993–1997 (doi: 10.1002/pen.11592).
17. 17)
  - 24. Miziolek, A.W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I.: ‘Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): fundamentals and applications’ (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006).
18. 18)
  - 31. Sansonetti, J.E., Martin, W.C.: ‘Handbook of basic atomic spectroscopic data’, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2005, 34, pp. 1559–2259 (doi: 10.1063/1.1800011).
19. 19)
  - 22. IEC publication, 60 112: ‘Recommended method for determining the comparative tracking index of solid insulating material under the moist condition’, 1972, 2nd edn.
20. 20)
  - 35. Labutin, T.A., Popov, A.M., Lednev, V.N., et al: ‘Correlation between properties of a solid sample and laser-induced plasma parameters’, Spectrochim. Acta B, 2009, 64, pp. 938–949 (doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2009.07.033).
21. 21)
  - 26. Knauel, J., Wagner, A., Puffer, R.: ‘Behavior of water droplets on polymeric insulation surfaces under hybrid field stress’. 2014 Annual Report Conf. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Des Moines, IA, USA, 2015, pp. 243–246.
22. 22)
  - 8. Xiao, F., Sun, Y., Xiu, Y., et al: ‘Preparation, thermal and mechanical properties of POSS epoxy hybrid composites’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2007, 104, pp. 2113–2121 (doi: 10.1002/app.25746).
23. 23)
  - 12. Tanaka, T.: ‘Interface properties and surface erosion resistance’, in Huang, X., Zhi, C. (Eds.): ‘Dielectric polymer nano composites’, (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 113–137, ISBN: 978-3-319-28236-7 (print).
24. 24)
  - 49. Fujii, O., Honsali, K., Mizuno, Y., et al: ‘Vibration of a water droplet on a polymeric insulating materials subjected to AC voltage stress’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2010, 17, (2), pp. 566–571 (doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2010.5448113).
25. 25)
  - 30. Du, B.X., Zhang, J.W., Gao, Y.: ‘Effects of TiO2 particles on surface charge of epoxy nanocomposites’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2012, 19, (3), pp. 755–762 (doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2012.6215077).
26. 26)
  - 32. Zhang, S., Wang, X., He, M., et al: ‘Laser-induced plasma temperature’, Spectrochim. Acta B, At. Spectrosc., 2014, 97, pp. 13–33 (doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2014.04.009).
27. 27)
  - 10. Hayase, Y., Aoyama, H., Matsui, K., et al: ‘Space charge formation in LDPE/MgO nano-composite film under ultra-high DC electric stress’, IEEJ. Trans. Fundam. Mater., 2006, 126, (11), pp. 1084–1089 (doi: 10.1541/ieejfms.126.1084).
28. 28)
  - 19. Sarathi, R., Harsha, V.S., Vasa, N.J., et al: ‘Water droplet initiated discharges on epoxy nano composites under DC voltages’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2016, 23, (3), pp. 1743–1752 (doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2016.005387).
29. 29)
  - 14. Praeger, M., Andritsch, T., Swingler, S.G., et al: ‘A simple theoretical model for the bulk properties of nanocomposite materials’. 2014 Annual Report Conf. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Des Moines, IA, USA, 2014, pp. 699–702.
30. 30)
  - 29. Reynders, J.P., Jandrell, I.R., Reynders, S.M.: ‘Surface ageing mechanisms and their relationship to service performance of silicone rubber insulation’. 1999 Eleventh Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering, London, 1999, vol. 4, pp. 54–58.
31. 31)
  - 3. Suriati, G., Mariatt, M., Azizan, A.: ‘Effects of filler shape and size on the properties of silver filled epoxy composite for electronic applications’, J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Electron., 2011, 22, (1), pp. 56–63 (doi: 10.1007/s10854-010-0082-2).
32. 32)
  - 33. Descoeudres, A., Hollenstein, C., Demellayer, R., et al: ‘Optical emission spectroscopy of electrical discharge machining plasma’, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., 2004, 37, (6), pp. 875–882. (doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/37/6/012).
33. 33)
  - 7. Yung, K.C., Liem, H.: ‘Enhanced thermal conductivity of boron nitride epoxy-matrix composite through multi-modal particle size mixing’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2007, 106, pp. 3587–3591 (doi: 10.1002/app.27027).
34. 34)
  - 9. Rubab, Z., Afzal, A., Siddiqi, H.M., et al: ‘Preparation, characterization, and enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy-titania composites’, Sci. World J., 2014, 2014, 7 p, Article ID 515739 (doi: 10.1155/2014/515739).

Understanding the performance of corona aged epoxy nano micro composites

References

Related content