References

• 1. 1)
     • 33. Heer, S., Lehmann, O., Haase, M., et al: ‘Blue, green, and red upconversion emission from lanthanide-doped LuPO4 and YbPO4 nanocrystals in a transparent colloidal solution’, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, pp. 3179–3182 (doi: 10.1002/anie.200351091).
  2. 2)
     • 3. Lv, R., Gai, S., Dai, Y., et al: ‘Highly uniform hollow GdF3 spheres: controllable synthesis, tuned luminescence, and drug-release properties’, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5, pp. 10806–10818 (doi: 10.1021/am4041652).
  3. 3)
     • 11. Wang, L., Lou, Z., Fei, T., et al: ‘Zinc oxide core–shell hollow microspheres with multi-shelled architecture for gas sensor applications’, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, pp. 19331–19336 (doi: 10.1039/c1jm13354c).
  4. 4)
     • 25. Chatterjee, D.K., Gnanasammandhan, M.K., Zhang, Y.: ‘Small upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles for biomedical applications’, Small, 2010, 6, pp. 2781–2795 (doi: 10.1002/smll.201000418).
  5. 5)
     • 18. Sun, X., Li, Y.: ‘Ga2o3 and GaN semiconductor hollow spheres’, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, pp. 3827–3831 (doi: 10.1002/anie.200353212).
  6. 6)
     • 26. Wang, C., Cheng, L., Liu, Y., et al: ‘Imaging-guided PH-sensitive photodynamic therapy using charge reversible upconversion nanoparticles under near-infrared light’, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, pp. 3077–3086 (doi: 10.1002/adfm.201202992).
  7. 7)
     • 35. Grzyb, T., Wiglusz, R.J., Gruszeczka, A., et al: ‘Down- and up-converting dual-mode YPO4:Yb3+, Tb3+ nanocrystals: synthesis and spectroscopic properties’, Dalton Trans., 2014, 43, pp. 17255–17264 (doi: 10.1039/C4DT02234C).
  8. 8)
     • 2. Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Ren, F., et al: ‘Development of functional nanostructures and their applications in catalysis and solar cells’, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2016, 320–321, pp. 153–180 (doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.002).
  9. 9)
     • 21. Huo, Z., Chen, C., Chu, D., et al: ‘Systematic synthesis of lanthanide phosphate nanocrystals’, Chem. Eur. J., 2007, 13, pp. 7708–7714 (doi: 10.1002/chem.200601727).
  10. 10)
      • 23. Wang, F., Liu, X.: ‘Multicolor tuning of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation’, Acc. Chem. Res., 2014, 47, pp. 1378–1385 (doi: 10.1021/ar5000067).
  11. 11)
      • 39. Paine, A.J., Luymes, W., McNulty, J.: ‘Dispersion polymerization of styrene in polar solvents. 6. Influence of reaction parameters on particle size and molecular weight in poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-stabilized reactions’, Macromolecules, 1990, 23, pp. 3104–3109 (doi: 10.1021/ma00214a012).
  12. 12)
      • 9. Liu, H., Li, W., Shen, D., et al: ‘Graphitic carbon conformal coating of mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres for high-performance lithium ion battery anodes’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, pp. 13161–13166 (doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b08743).
  13. 13)
      • 14. Gao, Z., Xiao, Y., Wu, D., et al: ‘Facile synthesis of GdPO4:Eu3+ hierarchical hollow spheres via chemical conversion’, Micro Nano Lett., 2011, 6, pp. 345–348 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2011.0065).
  14. 14)
      • 10. Yan, R., Sun, X., Wang, X., et al: ‘Crystal structures, anisotropic growth, and optical properties: controlled synthesis of lanthanide orthophosphate one-dimensional nanomaterials’, Chem. Eur. J, 2005, 11, pp. 2183–2195 (doi: 10.1002/chem.200400649).
  15. 15)
      • 5. Zhang, L., You, H., Yang, M., et al: ‘Core/Shell Y(OH)CO3:Eu3+/YBO3:Eu3+ phosphors with sphericity, submicrometre size and non-aggregation characteristics’, Micro Nano Lett., 2011, 6, pp. 728–731 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2011.0241).
  16. 16)
      • 8. Moon, G.D., Joo, J.B., Dahl, M., et al: ‘Nitridation and layered assembly of hollow TiO2 shells for electrochemical energy storage’, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2014, 24, pp. 848–856 (doi: 10.1002/adfm.201301718).
  17. 17)
      • 6. Nguyen, C.C., Vu, N.N., Do, T.-O.: ‘Recent advances in the development of sunlight-driven hollow structure photocatalysts and their applications’, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, pp. 18345–18359 (doi: 10.1039/C5TA04326C).
  18. 18)
      • 17. Wu, C., Zhang, X., Ning, B., et al: ‘Shape evolution of new-phased lepidocrocite vooh from single-shelled to double-shelled hollow nanospheres on the basis of programmed reaction-temperature strategy’, Inorg. Chem., 2009, 48, pp. 6044–6054 (doi: 10.1021/ic900416v).
  19. 19)
      • 29. Chen, Z., Zheng, W., Huang, P., et al: ‘Lanthanide-doped luminescent nano-bioprobes for the detection of tumor markers’, Nanoscale, 2015, 7, pp. 4274–4290 (doi: 10.1039/C4NR05697C).
  20. 20)
      • 27. Tian, B., Wang, Q., Su, Q., et al: ‘In vivo biodistribution and toxicity assessment of triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion nanocapsules’, Biomaterials, 2017, 112, pp. 10–19 (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.008).
  21. 21)
      • 21. Gai, S., Li, C., Yang, P., et al: ‘Recent progress in rare earth micro/nanocrystals: soft chemical synthesis, luminescent properties, and biomedical applications’, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, pp. 2343–2389 (doi: 10.1021/cr4001594).
  22. 22)
      • 3. Li, W., Zheng, X.M., Li, F.G., et al: ‘Facile synthetic route to hollow gadolinium oxide spheres with tunable thickness’, Micro Nano Lett., 2012, 12, pp. 1267–1269 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2012.0718).
  23. 23)
      • 24. Wang, J., Ming, T., Jin, Z., et al: ‘Photon energy upconversion through thermal radiation with the power efficiency reaching 16%’, Nat. Commun., 2014, 5, p. 5669 (doi: 10.1038/ncomms6669).
  24. 24)
      • 13. Gao, Y., Zhao, Q., Fang, Q., et al: ‘Facile fabrication and photoluminescence properties of rare-earth-doped Gd2O3 hollow spheres via a sacrificial template method’, Dalton Trans., 2013, 42, pp. 11082–11091 (doi: 10.1039/c3dt50917f).
  25. 25)
      • 3. Caruso, F., Caruso, R.A., Möhwald, H.: ‘Nanoengineering of inorganic and hybrid hollow spheres by colloidal templating’, Science, 1998, 282, pp. 1111–1114 (doi: 10.1126/science.282.5391.1111).
  26. 26)
      • 1. Xu, Z., Quintanilla, M., Vetrone, F., et al: ‘Harvesting lost photons: plasmon and upconversion enhanced broadband photocatalytic activity in Core@Shell microspheres based on lanthanide-doped NaYF4, TiO2, and Au’, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2015, 25, pp. 2950–2960 (doi: 10.1002/adfm.201500810).
  27. 27)
      • 14. Xu, Z., Gao, Y., Liu, T., et al: ‘General and facile method to fabricate uniform Y2O3:Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Tb3+) hollow microspheres using polystyrene spheres as templates’, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, pp. 21695–21703 (doi: 10.1039/c2jm34868c).
  28. 28)
      • 28. Zeng, S., Yi, Z., Lu, W., et al: ‘Simultaneous realization of phase/size manipulation, upconversion luminescence enhancement, and blood vessel imaging in multifunctional nanoprobes through transition metal Mn2+ doping’, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2014, 24, pp. 4051–4059 (doi: 10.1002/adfm.201304270).
  29. 29)
      • 38. Qian, L., Zhu, J., Chen, Z., et al: ‘Self-assembled heavy lanthanide orthovanadate architecture with controlled dimensionality and morphology’, Chem. Eur. J., 2009, 15, pp. 1233–1240 (doi: 10.1002/chem.200801724).
  30. 30)
      • 19. Wang, H., Wu, Z., Liu, Y.: ‘A simple two-step template approach for preparing carbon-doped mesoporous TiO2 hollow microspheres’, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, pp. 13317–13324 (doi: 10.1021/jp9047693).
  31. 31)
      • 41. Wang, C., Yan, J., Cui, X., et al: ‘Synthesis of raspberry-like monodisperse magnetic hollow hybrid nanospheres by coating polystyrene template with Fe3O4@SiO2 particles’, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2011, 354, pp. 94–99 (doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.09.078).
  32. 32)
      • 1. Xu, Z., Ma, P.A., Li, C., et al: ‘Monodisperse core–shell structured up-conversion Yb(OH)CO3@YbPO4:Er3+ hollow spheres as drug carriers’, Biomaterials, 2011, 32, pp. 4161–4173 (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.026).
  33. 33)
      • 32. Yoon, Y.-S., Lee, B.-I., Lee, K.S., et al: ‘Fabrication of a silica sphere with fluorescent and mr contrasting GdPO4 nanoparticles from layered gadolinium hydroxide’, Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, pp. 3654–3656 (doi: 10.1039/b927570c).
  34. 34)
      • 2. Yang, P., Gai, S., Lin, J.: ‘Functionalized mesoporous silica materials for controlled drug delivery’, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, pp. 3679–3698 (doi: 10.1039/c2cs15308d).
  35. 35)
      • 40. Xu, Z., Zhao, Q., Sun, Y., et al: ‘Synthesis of hollow La2O3:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ microspheres with tunable up-conversion luminescence properties’, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, pp. 8407–8416 (doi: 10.1039/c3ra40414e).
  36. 36)
      • 31. Xu, Z., Cao, Y., Li, C., et al: ‘Urchin-like GdPO4 and GdPO4:Eu3+ hollow spheres – hydrothermal synthesis, luminescence and drug-delivery properties’, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, pp. 3686–3694 (doi: 10.1039/c0jm03333b).
  37. 37)
      • 16. Jia, G., You, H., Song, Y., et al: ‘Facile synthesis and luminescence of uniform Y2O3 hollow spheres by a sacrificial template route’, Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49, pp. 7721–7725 (doi: 10.1021/ic100430g).
  38. 38)
      • 13. Yang, M., You, H., Guo, N., et al: ‘Synthesis and luminescent properties of orderly YPO4:Eu3+ olivary architectures self-assembled by nanoflakes’, CrystEngComm, 2010, 12, pp. 4141–4145 (doi: 10.1039/c0ce00078g).
  39. 39)
      • 7. Xu, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, X.: ‘Well-defined metal–organic-framework hollow nanostructures for catalytic reactions involving gases’, Adv. Mater., 2015, 27, pp. 5365–5371 (doi: 10.1002/adma.201500789).
  40. 40)
      • 4. Kim, S.M., Jeon, M., Kim, K.W., et al: ‘Postsynthetic functionalization of a hollow silica nanoreactor with manganese oxide-immobilized metal nanocrystals inside the cavity’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, pp. 15714–15717 (doi: 10.1021/ja4083792).