The Internet explosion is driving the need for multicasting, multiple-stream, multimedia presentations, e.g. media distribution and virtual classroom. The jitter phenomenon over the Internet always disturbs the orchestration of multimedia presentations. Multimedia synchronisation is one of the important techniques used to compensate for jitter anomalies. However, the characteristics of the multiple-media streams forming the multicast delivery complicate the multimedia synchronisation problem. Therefore a formal synchronisation definition and specification model that can accurately specify temporal relationships between multiple-media streams has to be devised first. In the paper, the primary issues for ensuring smooth multiple-stream multimedia presentations in the multicast environment are identified, and a formal definition mechanism to specify the related attributes of a multimedia presentation is proposed. Finally, an extended finite state machines-based model is proposed to specify formally the temporal synchronisation of multicast multimedia presentations. Based on the proposed model, a communication engine for multicasting multiple streams is developed. The communication engine can achieve smooth multimedia presentations and is the middleware for multicasting, multiple-stream, multimedia applications.
References
-
-
1)
-
http://bear.iie.ncku.edu.tw/∼Mcast_EFSM.htm.
-
2)
-
C. METZ
.
IP QoS: traveling in First Class on the internet.
IEEE Internet Comput.
,
2 ,
84 -
88
-
3)
-
T. Murata
.
Petri nets: properties, analysis, and applications.
Proc. IEEE
,
4 ,
541 -
580
-
4)
-
V.O.K. LI ,
W. LIAO
.
Distributed multimedia system.
Proc. IEEE
,
7 ,
110 -
195
-
5)
-
F. PANZIERI ,
M. ROCCETTI
.
Synchronization support and group-membership services for reliable distributed multimedia applications.
ACM Multimedia Syst.
,
1 -
22
-
6)
-
VISKARI, J., JOKINEN, R., HAKKARAINEN, K.: `A generic FSM interpreter for embedded systems', Proc. 8th Euromicro Workshop on Real-time Systems, 1996, p. 284–289.
-
7)
-
BRANDT, S., NUTT, G., BERK, T., HUMPHREY, M.: `Soft real-time application execution with dynamic quality of service assurance', 6th Int. Workshop on Quality of service, IWQoS'98, May 1998, Napa, California, p. 154–163.
-
8)
-
G. COULSON
.
A configurable multimedia middleware platform.
IEEE MultiMedia Mag.
,
1 ,
62 -
76
-
9)
-
P.N. ZARROS ,
M.J. LEE ,
T. SAADAWI
.
A synchronization algorithm for distributed multimedia environments.
ACM Multimedia Sys.
,
1 ,
1 -
11
-
10)
-
DEERING, S.: `Host extensions for IP multicasting', Request for Comments 1112, 1989.
-
11)
-
G. BLAKOWSKI ,
R. STEINMETZ
.
A media synchronization survey: reference model, specification, and case studies.
IEEE J Sel. Areas Commun.
,
1 ,
5 -
35
-
12)
-
FUKUDA, K., WAKAMITA, N., MURATA, M., MIYAHARA, H.: `On flow aggregation for multicast video transport', 6th Int. Workshop on Quality of service IWQoS'98, May 1998, Napa, California, p. 13–22.
-
13)
-
J.C. PASQUALE ,
G.C. POLYZOS ,
G. XYLOMENOS
.
The multimedia multicasting problem.
ACM Multimedia Syst.
,
43 -
59
-
14)
-
ANDRIKOPOULOS, I., PAVLOU, G.: `Supporting differentiated services in MLPS networks', 7th Int. Workshop on Quality of service IWQoS'99, May 1999, London, England, p. 207–215.
-
15)
-
DIAZ, M., SENAC, P.: `Time stream petri nets: a model for multimedia streams synchronization', Proc. Int. Conf. on Multi-media modeling MMM'93, November 1993, Singapore, p. 241–250.
-
16)
-
S.V. RAGHAVAN ,
B. PRABHAKARAN ,
S.K. TRIPATHI
.
Synchronization representation and traffic source modeling in orchestrated presentation.
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
1 ,
104 -
113
-
17)
-
C.M. HUANG ,
H.Y. KUNG
.
A synchronization infrastructure for multicast multimedia at the presentation layer.
IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.
,
3 ,
370 -
380
-
18)
-
ZHENG, Y., PONG, M.: `Using statecharts to model Hypertext', Proc. European Conf. on Hypertext technology, 1992, Milano, Italy, p. 242–250.
-
19)
-
S. EERIKSSON
.
MBone: the multicast backbone.
Commun. ACM
,
8 ,
54 -
60
-
20)
-
J.C. BOLOT ,
T. TURLETTI
.
Experience with control mechanisms for packet video in the Internet.
ACM SIGCOMM
,
1 ,
4 -
15
-
21)
-
D. HAREL ,
E. GERY
.
Executable object modeling with Statecharts.
Computer
,
7 ,
31 -
42
-
22)
-
X. LI ,
M.H. AMMAR ,
S. PAUL
.
Video multicast over the Internet.
IEEE Network
,
2 ,
46 -
60
-
23)
-
L. MATHY ,
C. EDWARDS ,
D. HUTCHISON
.
Principles of QoS in group communications.
Telecommun. Syst.
,
59 -
84
-
24)
-
X. XIAO ,
L.M. NI
.
Internet QoS: a big picture.
IEEE Network
,
2 ,
8 -
18
-
25)
-
R. STEINMETZ
.
Human perception of jitter and media synchronization.
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
1 ,
61 -
72
-
26)
-
T.D.C. LITTLE ,
A. GHAFOOR
.
Synchronization and storage models for multimedia object.
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
3 ,
413 -
426
-
27)
-
G.S. BLAIR ,
G. COULSON ,
M. PAPATHOMAS ,
P. ROBIN ,
J.B. STEFANI ,
F. HORN ,
L. HAZARD
.
A programming model and system infrastructure for real-time synchronization distributed multimedia systems.
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
1 ,
249 -
263
-
28)
-
CHANDRA, P., FISHER, A.L., KOSAK, C., STEENKISTE, P.: `Networking support for application-oriented QoS', 6th Int. Workshop on Quality of service IWQoS'98, May 1998, Napa, California, p. 187–195.
-
29)
-
S. CHO ,
Y. SHIN
.
Multimedia service interworking over heterogeneous networking environments.
IEEE Network
,
2 ,
61 -
69
-
30)
-
R. RAJAN ,
D. VERMA ,
S. KAMAT ,
E. FELSTAINE ,
S. HERZOG
.
A policy framework for integrated and differentiated services in the Internet.
IEEE Network
,
5 ,
36 -
41
-
31)
-
CHA, S.D., HONG, H.S.: `Specification and analysis of real-time systems in Statecharts', 2nd Workshop on Object-oriented real-time dependable systems WORDS'96, 1996, p. 137–143.
-
32)
-
S. PAUL ,
K.K. SABNANI ,
J.C.-H LIN ,
S. BHATTACHARYYA
.
Reliable multicast transport protocol (RMTP).
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
3 ,
407 -
421
-
33)
-
R. STEINMETZ
.
Synchronization properties in multimedia systems.
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
3 ,
401 -
412
-
34)
-
P. HOEPNER
.
Synchronizing the presentation of multimedia objects.
Computer Commun.
,
9 ,
557 -
564
-
35)
-
C. AURRECOECHA ,
A.T. CAMPBELL ,
L. HAUW
.
A survey of QoS architectures.
ACM Multimedia Syst.
,
138 -
151
-
36)
-
F. BORGES PAULO ,
P.C. MASIERO ,
M.C. FERREIRA DE OLIVEIRA
.
Hypercharts: extended statecharts to support hypermedia specification.
IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.
,
1 ,
33 -
49
-
37)
-
M. WOO ,
R. UZSOY ,
A. GHAFOOR
.
Media stream scheduling for synchronization in distributed multimedia systems.
J. Parallel Distrib. Comput.
,
3 ,
272 -
295
-
38)
-
JOURDAN, M., LAYAIDA, N., ROISIN, C., SABRY-ISMAIL, L., TARDIF, L.: `Madeus and authoring environment for interactive multimedia documents', 6th ACM Int. Multimedia Conference ACM Multimedia'98, September 1998, Bristol, England, p. 267–272.
-
39)
-
C.M. HUANG ,
C.M. LO
.
An EFSM-based multimedia synchronization model and the authoring system.
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
,
1 ,
138 -
152
-
40)
-
A.S. TANENBAUM
.
(1996)
, Computer Networks.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/ip-sen_19990838
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/ip-sen_19990838
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6