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Mineralised tissues as nanomaterials: analysis by atomic force microscopy

Mineralised tissues as nanomaterials: analysis by atomic force microscopy

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Mineralised tissues, such as bone, consist of two material phases: collagen protein fibrils that form the structural models upon which the mineral, calcium hydroxyapatite, is subsequently deposited. Collagen and mineral are removed in a three-dimensional manner by osteoclasts during bone turnover in skeletal growth or repair, and matrix proteins are replaced by the synthetic activity of osteoblasts and then calcify. The resolution of atomic force microscopy and use of unmodified, fully calcified samples has enabled the imaging of the overall bone and dentine structure, including collagen and mineral phases. Mineral crystals, in the diameter size range of 225 nm up to 1.4 μm, were found in unmodified bone and dentine respectively. D-banded collagen is observed in dentine after acid treatment and in bone after osteoclast-mediated matrix resorption; axial periodicity values of approximately 67 and 69 nm are observed, respectively. These experimental approaches have enabled the structure of mineralised tissues to be examined in native samples and will facilitate the study of bone structure in important clinical disorders of the skeleton, such as osteoporosis.

Inspec keywords: calcium compounds; biomedical imaging; molecular biophysics; atomic force microscopy; nanotechnology; bone; proteins; nanostructured materials

Other keywords: mineral crystals; osteoporosis; D-banded collagen; dentine structure; osteoblasts; nanomaterials; osteoclast-mediated matrix resorption; bone; axial periodicity; osteoclasts; mineralised tissues; 225 nm to 1.4 mum; skeletal growth; atomic force microscopy; calcium hydroxyapatite; clinical disorders; bone turnover; skeletal repair; collagen protein fibrils

Subjects: Scanning probe microscopy and related techniques; Medical and biomedical uses of fields, radiations, and radioactivity; health physics; Molecular biophysics; Nanotechnology applications in biomedicine; Patient diagnostic methods and instrumentation

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