Charge-coupled devices for use in electronically-focused ultrasonic imaging systems

Access Full Text

Charge-coupled devices for use in electronically-focused ultrasonic imaging systems

For access to this article, please select a purchase option:

Buy article PDF
£12.50
(plus tax if applicable)
Add to cart
Buy Knowledge Pack
10 articles for £75.00
(plus taxes if applicable)
Add to cart

IET members benefit from discounts to all IET publications and free access to E&T Magazine. If you are an IET member, log in to your account and the discounts will automatically be applied.

Learn more about IET membership 

Recommend Title Publication to library

You must fill out fields marked with: *

Librarian details
Name:*
Email:*
Your details
Name:*
Email:*
Department:*
Why are you recommending this title?
Select reason:
 
 
 
 
 
IEE Proceedings F (Communications, Radar and Signal Processing) — Recommend this title to your library

Thank you

Your recommendation has been sent to your librarian.

© The Institution of Electrical Engineers
Published

Pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging techniques make possible the dynamic visualisation and characterisation of many soft-tissue structures with no known patient risk; however, the extraction of this information requires an ultrasonic imaging system capable of producing a high-resolution image over a sizeable field of view in real time. This paper describes the development of the cascade charge-coupled device (C3D) designed specifically for electronically-focused ultrasonic imaging systems. The C3D lens described here further enhances the desirability of such systems because the delay-line hardware needed to focus and beam steer a linear array of piezoelectric transducers is reduced to a single l.s.i. device, and because clock-frequency control does not require individual control signals for each transducer channel and therefore greatly limits the amount of external circuitry necessary to support the imaging system. The analysis of the fundamental limits of the C3D approach to ultrasonic imaging includes the effects of the asynchronous transfer of charge between sections operating at different clock frequencies, with emphasis on the impact of this process on the time-delay accuracy of the C3D lens and on the maximum level of sidelobe suppression. The first-generation C3D lens has been fabricated and tested in a static water tank. These measurements indicate that the lens produces near-theoretical lateral resolution as predicted by the aperture theory of linear arrays. Based on preliminary results, a second-generation device is proposed whose additional capabilities would include full interpolation of the field of view for a scan-line-free image presentation and on-chip apodisation to obtain higher degrees of sidelobe suppression.

Inspec keywords: charge-coupled device circuits; biomedical ultrasonics; ultrasonic equipment

Other keywords: cascade charge coupled device; sidelobe suppression; ultrasonic imaging systems; electronic focusing; piezoelectric transducers; beam steering

Subjects: Sonic and ultrasonic transducers and sensors; Radiation and radioactivity applications in biomedicine; Acoustic wave devices; Sonic and ultrasonic radiation (medical uses); Acoustic signal processing; Sonic and ultrasonic applications; Patient diagnostic methods and instrumentation

References

    1. 1)
      • A.M. Mohsen , T.C. McGill , C.A. Mead . Charge transfer in overlapping gate charge-coupled devices. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits , 191 - 207
    2. 2)
      • R.W. Broderson , C.R. Hewes , D.D. Buss . A 500-stage c.c.d. transversal filter for spectral analysis. IEEE Trans. , 143 - 151
    3. 3)
      • F.L. Thurstone , O.T. von Ramm . A new ultrasonic imaging technique employing two-dimensional electronic beam steering. Acoustical Holography , 249 - 259
    4. 4)
      • Ruze, J.: `Physical limitations on antennas', 1952, Ph.D. dissertation, MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, p. 9–28, TR 248.
    5. 5)
      • Walker, J.T., Meindl, J.D.: `A digitally controlled c.c.d. dynamically focused phased array', Proceedings of the 1975 Ultrasonics Symposium, Los Angeles.
    6. 6)
      • D.A. Sealer , M.F. Tompsett . A dual differential charge coupled analog delay device. IEEE Trans. , 173 - 177
    7. 7)
      • Shott, J.D., Melen, R.D.: `The razorback c.c.d.: a high-performance parallel input delay line architecture', International Conference on Solid-State Circuits, 1975, Philadelphia, p. 150–151.
    8. 8)
      • A. Macovski , S. Norton . High-resolution B-scan systems using a circular array. Acoustical Holography , 121 - 143
    9. 9)
      • D. Goldman , T.F. Heuter . Tabular data of the velocity and absorption of high frequency sound in mammalian tissues. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , 35 - 37
    10. 10)
      • J.D. Kraus . (1950) , Antennas.
    11. 11)
      • J.C. Somer . Electronic sector scanning for ultrasonic diagnosis. Ultrasonics , 153 - 159
    12. 12)
      • W.B. Davenport . (1970) , Probability and random processes.
    13. 13)
      • J.W. Goodman . (1968) , Introduction to Fourier optics.
    14. 14)
      • J.E. Carnes , W.F. Kosonocky , E.G. Ramberg . Free charge transfer in charge-coupled devices. IEEE Trans. , 798 - 808
    15. 15)
      • F.L. Thurstone , O.T. von Ramm . A new ultrasound imaging technique employing two-dimensional electronic beam steering. Acoustical Holography , 249 - 259
    16. 16)
      • W.S. Boyle , G.E. Smith . Charge coupled semiconductor devices. Bell Syst. Techn. J. , 587 - 593
    17. 17)
      • Eaton, M.D.: `High performance preprocessor electronics for ultrasound imaging', 1979, Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford California, p. 46–58, TR G557-3.
    18. 18)
      • J.J. Tiemann , W.E. Engeler , R.D. Baertsch . A surface charge correlator. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits , 403 - 409
    19. 19)
      • Shott, J.D.: `Charge-coupled devices for use in electronically focused ultrasonic imaging systems', 1978, Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford California, p. 43–49, TR 4957-1.
    20. 20)
      • R.L. Popp , L.M. Zatz . (1975) , Workshop on phased array imaging systems.
    21. 21)
      • White, M.H., Lampe, D.R.: `Charge coupled device (c.c.d.) analog signal processing', 1975 Naval Electronics Laboratory Centre International Conference on Application of Charge Coupled Devices, October 1975, p. 189–197.
    22. 22)
      • Norton, S.J.: `Theory of acoustic imaging', 1976, Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford Univesity, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford California, p. 57–132, TR 4956-2.
    23. 23)
      • Walker, J.T.: `A c.c.d. phased-array ultrasonic imaging system', , Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford California, p. 87–90, TR 4956-3.
    24. 24)
      • T.T. Taylor . Design of line-source antennas for narrow beamwidth and low side lobes. IRE Trans. , 16 - 28
    25. 25)
      • R.D. Melen , J.D. Shott , B.T. Lee , L.C. Granger . Charge coupled devices for holographic and beam steering sonar systems. Acoustical Holography
    26. 26)
      • G.D. Ludwig . The velocity of sound through tissues and the acoustic impedance of tissues. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , 862 - 866
    27. 27)
      • M.I. Skolnik . (1980) , Introduction to radar systems.
    28. 28)
      • C.L. Dolph . A current distribution for broadside arrays which optimises the relationship between beam width and sidelobe level. Proc. IRE , 335 - 348
    29. 29)
      • P.N.T. Wells . , Physical principles of ultrasonic diagnosis.
    30. 30)
      • W.A. Anderson . A new real-time phased-array sector scanner for imaging the entire adult human heart. Ultrasound Med. , 1547 - 1558
    31. 31)
      • W.B. Joyce , W.J. Bertram . Linearised dispersion relation and Green's function for discrete-charge-transfer devices with incomplete transfer. Bell Syst. Tech. J. , 1741 - 1759
    32. 32)
      • B.D. Steinberg . The peak sidelobe of the phased array having randomly located elements. IEEE Trans. , 129 - 136
    33. 33)
      • Norton, S.J.: `Theory of acoustic imaging', 1976, Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford California, TR 4956-2.
    34. 34)
      • W.S. Boyle , G.E. Smith . Charge coupled semiconductor devices. Bell Syst. Tech. J. , 587 - 593
    35. 35)
      • W.J. Butler , W.E. Engeler , H.S. Goldberg , C.M. Puckette , H. Lobenstein . Charge transfer analog memories for radar and ECM systems. IEEE Trans. , 161 - 167
    36. 36)
      • T.M. Waugh , G.S. Kino , C.S. DeSilets , J.D. Fraser . Acoustic imaging techniques for nondestructive testing. IEEE Trans. , 313 - 316
    37. 37)
      • J.A. Greenfield . , Unpublished work.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/ip-f-1.1980.0022
Loading

Related content

content/journals/10.1049/ip-f-1.1980.0022
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6
Loading