Your browser does not support JavaScript!
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com
1887

access icon free Effect of un-inhibited synthetic ester oil based high dielectric CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanofluid for power transformer application

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Received 06/07/2018, Accepted 02/01/2019, Revised 31/10/2018, Published 07/01/2019

Environmental friendly insulating oils are sought after as an alternative to polychlorinated biphenyls and mineral oil. The ester-based insulating oils are the industry preferred choice as they are fire resistant and non-toxic in nature. They also have moisture tolerance capability and oxidation stability are quite higher in synthetic ester due to its stable chemical structure than seed-based natural ester oil. In this work, attempts were made to develop un-inhibited synthetic-ester-based high dielectric permittivity CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanofluids. These nanofluids were investigated for the critical parameters such as AC breakdown voltage, dielectric permittivity, loss tangent, DC resistivity, interfacial tension, viscosity, flash point and acidity properties as per the procedure outlined in IEC and ASTM standards. It has been observed that the addition of nanopowder in un-inhibited oil results decrement in overall critical properties. These results suggest that these un-inhibited ester oils are well suitable for high-voltage transformer application in the present form and the combination of oxidation inhibitor and nanoceramic in the ester oils would give rise to enhanced critical parameters.

Inspec keywords: viscosity; calcium compounds; oxidation; insulating oils; nanoparticles; chemical structure; permittivity; power transformer insulation; power transformers; dielectric losses; copper compounds; electric breakdown; transformer oil

Other keywords: DC resistivity; power transformer application; high-voltage transformer; CaCu3Ti4O12; nanofluid; synthetic-ester-based high dielectric permittivity; oxidation stability; seed-based natural ester oil; uninhibited synthetic ester oil; nanofluids; mineral oil; uninhibited ester oils; polychlorinated biphenyls; ester-based insulating oils; AC breakdown voltage

Subjects: Organic insulation; Transformers and reactors

References

    1. 1)
      • 22. Ibrahim, M.E., Abd-Elhady, A.M., Izzurulab, M.A.: ‘Effect of nanoparticles on transformer oil breakdown strength: experiment and theory’, IET Sci. Meas. Technol., 2016, 10, (8), pp. 839–845.
    2. 2)
      • 7. 61099, I.E.C.: ‘Insulating liquids-specifications for unused synthetic organic esters for electrical purposes’. 2010.
    3. 3)
      • 18. Choi, S.U.S., Zhang, Z.G., Keblinski, P.: ‘Nanofluids, encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology’ (American Scientific Publisher, USA., 2004), vol. 5. pp. 757–773.
    4. 4)
      • 16. Lewis, J.: ‘Interfaces are the dominant feature of dielectrics at the nanometric level’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2004, 11, (5), pp. 739–753.
    5. 5)
      • 19. Segal, V., Iortsberg, A.H., Rabinovich, A., et al: ‘AC (60 Hz) and impulse breakdown strength of a colloidal fluid based on transformer oil and magnetite nanoparticles’. IEEE Int. Symp. Electrical Insulation, Arlington, VA, USA, 1998, pp. 619–622.
    6. 6)
      • 37. Katiyar, A., Dhar, P., Nandi, T., et al: ‘Effects of nanostructure permittivity and dimensions on the increased dielectric strength of nano insulating oils’, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 2016, 509, pp. 235–243.
    7. 7)
      • 38. Lv, Y., Ge, Y., Sun, Z., et al: ‘Effect of nanoparticle morphology on pre-breakdown and breakdown properties of insulating oil-based nanofluids’, Nanomaterials, 2018, 8, (476), pp. 1–9.
    8. 8)
      • 15. Rengaraj, M., Balaraman, S., Subbaraj, S.: ‘Multi-criteria decision-making methods for grading high-performance transformer oil with antioxidants under accelerated ageing conditions’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2017, 11, (16), pp. 4051–4058.
    9. 9)
      • 1. Cherry, D.: ‘Insulating fluids: an overview of dielectric fluids used in transformers’. ABB Report, 2009, pp. 1–3.
    10. 10)
      • 3. Yasuda, K., Arazoe, S., Igarashi, T., et al: ‘Comparison of the insulation characteristics of environmentally friendly oils’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2010, 17, (8), pp. 791–798.
    11. 11)
      • 5. Thomas, P., Sridhar, S.: ‘Ageing characteristics of synthetic liquids’. IEEE Int. Symp. Electrical Insulation, Virginia, USA, 1998, pp. 570–573.
    12. 12)
      • 21. Arun Ram Prasath, R.T., Willjuice Irudhayaraj, M., Karthik, R.: ‘Retreatment of aged mineral oil using semiconductive nanocomposites for power transformer application’, Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst., 2017, 27, (8), pp. 1–8.
    13. 13)
      • 4. Mohan Rao, U., Sood, Y.R., Jarial, R.K.: ‘Performance analysis of alternate liquid dielectrics for power transformers’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2016, 23, (4), pp. 2475–2484.
    14. 14)
      • 20. Pugazhendi Sugumaran, C.: ‘Experimental evaluation on dielectric and thermal characteristics of nano filler added transformer oil’. IEEE Conf., 2012, pp. 207–210.
    15. 15)
      • 35. ASTM D974: ‘Standard method of acid and base number by colour-indicator titration’. 2014.
    16. 16)
      • 12. Cruze, A.P., Thomas, P., Logesh, K.S.: ‘Ageing studies on synthetic ester with 2,6 ditertiary butyl para cresol’. CPRI National Conf. on EFIL, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 45–53.
    17. 17)
      • 24. Arun Ram Prasath, R.T., Roy, N.K., Mahato, S.N., et al: ‘Mineral oil based high permittivity CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanofluids for power transformer application’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2017, 24, (4), pp. 2344–2353.
    18. 18)
      • 13. Raymon, A., Samuel Pakianathan, P., Rajamani, M.P.E., et al: ‘Enhancing the critical characteristics of natural esters with antioxidants for power transformer applications’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2013, 20, (3), pp. 899–912.
    19. 19)
      • 23. Srinivasan, M., Ragupathy, U.S., Sindhuja, K., et al: ‘Investigation and performance analysis of nanoparticles and antioxidant based natural ester’, Int. J. Adv. Engg. Tech., 2016, 7, (2), pp. 1000–1007.
    20. 20)
      • 32. ASTM D971: ‘Standard method of test for interfacial tension of oil against water by the ring method’. 2012.
    21. 21)
      • 10. Fernández, I., Ortiz, A., Delgado, F., et al: ‘Comparative evaluation of alternative fluids for power transformers-a review’, Electr. Pow. Syst. Res., 2013, 98, pp. 58–63.
    22. 22)
      • 17. Fofana, I.: ‘50 years in the development of insulating liquids’, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., 2013, 29, (5), pp. 13–25.
    23. 23)
      • 26. Transmission & Distribution, VA TECH EBG Transformatoren, MIDEL Transformator MIDEL Transformer. Available at www.vatech-td.com, accessed January 2012.
    24. 24)
      • 28. Kushwaha, H.S., Madhar, N.A., Ilahi, B., et al: ‘Efficient solar energy conversion using CaCu3Ti4O12 photoanode for photo catalysis and photo electrocatalysis’. Scientific Reports 6:18557, doi: 10.1038/srep18557.
    25. 25)
      • 2. CIGRE Working Group A2.35: ‘Experiences in service with new insulating liquids’. Paris, France: CIGRE, no. 436, October 2010.
    26. 26)
      • 14. Yang, L., Gao, S., Li, J., et al: ‘Influence of the antioxidant on the long-term ageing characteristics of oil–paper insulation and the deposition and migration of copper sulphide in oil-immersed transformers’, IET Electr. Pow. Appl., 2016, 10, (7), pp. 675–680.
    27. 27)
      • 25. Available at http://www.nyco.fr/en/, accessed March 2012.
    28. 28)
      • 27. Thomas, P., Dwarakanath, K., Varma, K.B.R., et al: ‘Synthesis of nanoparticles of the giant dielectric material, CaCu3Ti4O12 from a precursor route’, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2009, 95, (1), pp. 267–272.
    29. 29)
      • 29. IEC 60156: ‘Insulating liquids – determination of breakdown voltage at power frequency-test method’. 2003–2011.
    30. 30)
      • 36. Roy, N.K., Arun Ram Prasath, R.T., Mahato, S.N., et al: ‘Accelerated thermal ageing studies on natural ester oil using high dielectric CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanofluids’. European Advanced Materials Congress, Sweden, 2016, pp. 1–5.
    31. 31)
      • 11. Shroff, D.H., Wilson, A.C.M.: ‘Laboratory assessment and service performance of inhibited insulating oils’, Proc. IEE., 1967, 116, (6), pp. 817–823.
    32. 32)
      • 33. ASTM D445: ‘Standard test method for viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (kinematic and dynamic viscosities), 2011.
    33. 33)
      • 9. Ito, T., Morishima, Y.: ‘Corrosion control by antioxidant DBPC in insulating oil’, IEE J. Trans., 2009, 4, pp. 422–424.
    34. 34)
      • 30. ASTM D1169: ‘Standard method of test for specific resistance (resistivity) of electrical insulating liquids’. 2011.
    35. 35)
      • 31. ASTM D924: ‘Standard method of test for power factor and dielectric constant of electrical insulating liquids’. 2008.
    36. 36)
      • 34. ASTM D93: ‘Standard test methods for flash point by Pensky–Marten closed cup tester’. 2012.
    37. 37)
      • 8. Saha, T.K., Purkait, P.: ‘Transformer ageing: monitoring and estimation techniques’ (Wiley-IEEE Press, Singapore, 2017, 1st edn.).
    38. 38)
      • 6. Wang, X., Wang, Z.D.: ‘Study of dielectric behaviour of ester transformer liquids under ac voltage’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2012, 19, (6), pp. 1916–1924.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-smt.2018.5377
Loading

Related content

content/journals/10.1049/iet-smt.2018.5377
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6
Loading
Print this page
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address