In this study, the temperature influence on iron loss of non-oriented steel laminations is investigated. The iron loss variation under different flux densities, frequencies and temperatures is systematically measured and analysed by testing two typical non-oriented steel laminations, V300-35 A and V470-50 A. The iron loss variation with temperature is almost linear in the typical operating temperature range of electrical machines. Furthermore, the varying rate of iron loss with temperature varies with flux density and frequency. A coefficient which can fully consider the temperature influence is introduced to the existing iron loss model to improve the iron loss prediction accuracy. The predicted and measured results show that the temperature influence on the iron loss can be effectively considered by utilising the improved model, i.e. the prediction accuracy of the improved iron loss model remains constant, even when the temperature varies significantly. A potential simplification of this improved model is also discussed in this study.

References

1. 1)
  - 11. Krings, A., Nategh, S., Wallmark, O., et al: ‘Influence of the welding process on the performance of slotless PM motors with SiFe and NiFe stator laminations’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2014, 50, (1), pp. 296–306 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2270972).
2. 2)
  - 9. Cossale, M., Krings, A., Soulard, J., et al: ‘Practical investigations on cobalt-iron laminations for electrical machines’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2015, PP, (99), p. 1.
3. 3)
  - 3. Bertotti, G.: ‘Physical interpretation of eddy current losses in ferromagnetic materials, I. theoretical considerations’, J. Appl. Phys., 1985, 57, (6), pp. 2110–2117 (doi: 10.1063/1.334404).
4. 4)
  - 20. Akaki, R., Takahashi, Y., Fujiwara, K., et al: ‘Effect of magnetic property in bridge area of IPM motors on torque characteristics’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2013, 49, (5), pp. 2335–2338 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2246145).
5. 5)
  - 14. Seo, J., Kwak, S., Jung, S., et al: ‘A research on iron loss of IPMSM with a frictional number of slot per pole’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2009, 45, (3), pp. 1824–1827 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2009.2012786).
6. 6)
  - 46. Saito, T., Takemoto, S., Iriyama, T.: ‘Resistivity and core size dependencies of eddy current loss for Fe-Si compressed cores’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2005, 41, (10), pp. 3301–3303 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2005.854905).
7. 7)
  - 37. Boglietti, A., Cavagnino, A., Ferraris, L., et al: ‘The annealing influence onto the magnetic and energetic properties in soft magnetic material after punching process’. IEEE Electric Machines and Drives, Madison, USA, June 2003, pp. 503–508.
8. 8)
  - 9. Bertotti, G.: ‘General properties of power losses in soft ferromagnetic materials’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1988, 24, pp. 621–630 (doi: 10.1109/20.43994).
9. 9)
  - 2. Pry, R., Bean, P.: ‘Calculation of the energy loss in magnetic sheet materials using a domain model’, J. Appl. Phys., 1958, 29, (3), pp. 532–533 (doi: 10.1063/1.1723212).
10. 10)
  - 12. Krings, A., Cossale, M., Soulard, J., et al: ‘Manufacturing influence on the magnetic properties and iron losses in cobalt-iron stator cores for electrical machines’. Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress Exposition, Pittsburgh, USA, September 2014, pp. 5595–5601.
11. 11)
  - 41. Espíndola, A., Tristão, F., Schlegel, J.P., et al: ‘Comparison of iron losses evaluations by different testing procedures’. Electrical Machines 2010 XIX Int. Conf., Rome, Italy, September 2010, pp. 1–4.
12. 12)
  - 42. Krings, A., Soulard, J.: ‘Experimental characterization of magnetic materials for electrical machine applications’. IEEE Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis Workshop, Torino, Italy, March 2015, pp. 85–89.
13. 13)
  - 18. Yamazaki, K., Matsumoto, M.: ‘Characteristics analysis of induction motors by considering stress caused by shrink fitting’. Proc. IEEE Int. Electric Mach. Drives Conf., Chicago, IL, USA, May 2013, pp. 1112–1118.
14. 14)
  - 8. Barriere, O., Appino, C., Fiorillo, F., et al: ‘Characterization and prediction of magnetic losses in soft magnetic composites under distorted induction waveform’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2013, 49, (4), pp. 1318–1326 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2012.2218614).
15. 15)
  - 25. Mthombeni, T.L., Pillay, P.: ‘Physical basis for the variation of lamination core loss coefficients as a function of frequency and flux density’. IEEE Industrial Electronics 32nd Annual Conf., Paris, France, November 2006, pp. 1381–1387.
16. 16)
  - 21. Yamazaki, K., Kanou, Y.: ‘Shape optimization of rotating machines using time-stepping adaptive finite element method’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2010, 46, (8), pp. 3113–3116 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2043651).
17. 17)
  - 35. Takahashi, N., Morishita, M., Miyagi, D., et al: ‘Comparison of magnetic properties of magnetic materials at high temperature’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2011, 47, (10), pp. 4352–4355 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2158517).
18. 18)
  - 43. Muhlethaler, J., Biela, J., Kolar, J.W., et al: ‘Core losses under the DC bias condition based on Steimetz parameters’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2012, 27, (2), pp. 953–963 (doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2160971).
19. 19)
  - 30. Wilson, P.R., Ross, J.N., Brown, A.D.: ‘Simulation of magnetic component models in electric circuits including dynamic thermal effects’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2002, 17, (1), pp. 55–65 (doi: 10.1109/63.988670).
20. 20)
  - 45. Nakahara, M., Wada, K.: ‘Analysis of hysteresis and eddy-current losses for a medium-frequency transformer in an isolated DC-DC converter’. Power Electronics Conf. 2014 Int., Hiroshima, Japan, May 2014, pp. 2511–2516.
21. 21)
  - 32. Foster, K.: ‘Temperature-dependence of loss separation measurements for oriented silicon steels’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1986, 22, (1), pp. 49–53 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1986.1064276).
22. 22)
  - 26. Boglietti, A., Cavagnino, A., Ionel, D.M., et al: ‘A general model to predict the iron losses in PWM inverter-fed induction motors’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2010, 46, (5), pp. 1882–1890 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2010.2057393).
23. 23)
  - 19. Yamazaki, K., Fukushima, W.: ‘Loss analysis of induction motors by considering shrink fitting of stator housings’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2015, 51, (3), pp. 1–4.
24. 24)
  - 16. An, S., Sun, S., Zhong, Y., et al: ‘Reduction of switching loss for a transformer-based three-phase grid-connected inverter’. Power Electron. and Motion Control Conf., Harbin, China, June 2012, pp. 1752–1755.
25. 25)
  - 24. Ionel, D.M., Popescu, M., McGilp, M.I., et al: ‘Computation of core losses in electrical machines using improved models for laminated steel’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (6), pp. 1554–1564 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2007.908159).
26. 26)
  - 6. Atallah, K., Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D.: ‘An improved method for predicting iron losses in brushless permanent-magnet DC drives’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1992, 28, (5), pp. 2997–2999 (doi: 10.1109/20.179696).
27. 27)
  - 22. Yamazaki, K.: ‘Torque and efﬁciency calculation of an interior permanent magnet motor considering harmonic iron losses of both the stator and rotor’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2003, 39, (3), pp. 1460–1463 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2003.810515).
28. 28)
  - 34. Chen, J., Wang, D., Cheng, S., et al: ‘Modeling of temperature effects on magnetic property of nonoriented silicon steel lamination’, IEEE Trans. Magn, 2015, 51, (11), pp. 1–4.
29. 29)
  - 40. Moses, A., Hamadeh, S.: ‘Comparison of the epstein-square and a single-strip tester for measuring the power loss of nonoriented electrical steels’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1983, 19, (6), pp. 2705–2710 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1983.1062829).
30. 30)
  - 17. Domeki, H., Ishihara, Y., Kaido, C., et al: ‘Investigation of benchmark model for estimating iron loss in rotating machine’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2004, 40, (2), pp. 794–797 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.825442).
31. 31)
  - 36. ‘Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel strip and sheet by means of an Epstein frame’, International Standard IEC 60404–2:2008.
32. 32)
  - 19. Popescu, M., Ionel, D.M., Boglietti, A., et al: ‘A general model for estimating the laminated steel losses under PWM voltage supply’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2010, 46, pp. 1389–1396 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2010.2049810).
33. 33)
  - 6. Boglietti, A., Cavagnino, A., Lazzari, M., et al: ‘Predicting iron losses in soft magnetic materials with arbitrary voltage supply: an engineering approach’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2003, 39, (2), pp. 981–989 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2003.808599).
34. 34)
  - 28. Choi, W., Li, S., Bulent, S.: ‘Core loss estimation of high speed electric machines: An assessment’. IEEE Ind. Electronics Society 39th Annual Conf., Vienna, Austria, November 2013, pp. 2691–2696.
35. 35)
  - 31. Raghunathan, A., Melikhov, Y., Snyder, J., et al: ‘Modeling the temperature dependence of hysteresis based on Jiles-Atherton theory’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2009, 45, (10), pp. 3954–3957 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2009.2022744).
36. 36)
  - 39. Pfutzner, H., Schonhuber, P.: ‘On the problem of the field detection for single sheet testers’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1991, 27, (2), pp. 778–785 (doi: 10.1109/20.133291).
37. 37)
  - 29. Krings, A., Mousavi, S.A., Wallmark, O., et al: ‘Temperature influence of NiFe steel laminations on the characteristics of small slotless permanent magnet machines’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2013, 49, (7), pp. 4064–4067 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2255026).
38. 38)
  - 38. Moses, A.J., Shirkoohi, G.H.: ‘Iron loss in non-oriented electrical steels under distorted flux conditions’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1987, 23, (5), pp. 3217–3220 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1987.1065248).
39. 39)
  - 10. Fiorillo, F.: ‘An improved approach to power losses in magnetic laminations under non-sinusoidal induction waveform’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1990, 26, (5), pp. 2904–2910 (doi: 10.1109/20.104905).
40. 40)
  - 33. Takahashi, N., Morishita, M., Miyagi, D., et al: ‘Examination of magnetic properties of magnetic materials at high temperature using a ring specimen’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2010, 46, (2), pp. 548–551 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2009.2033122).
41. 41)
  - 1. Steinmetz, C.P.: ‘On the law of hysteresis’, Trans. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., 1892, 9, (1), pp. 3–64.
42. 42)
  - 14. Ionel, D., Popescu, M., Dellinger, S.J., et al: ‘On the variation with flux and frequency of the core loss coefficients in electrical machines’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2006, 42, pp. 658–667 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2006.872941).
43. 43)
  - 15. Zhu, S., Cheng, M., Dong, J.N., et al: ‘Core loss analysis and calculation of stator permanent-magnet machine considering dc-biased magnetic induction’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 2014, 61, (10), pp. 5203–5212 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2014.2300062).
44. 44)
  - 10. Tang, Y., Zhu, F., Ma, J., et al: ‘A practical core loss calculation method of filter inductors in PWM inverters based on the modified Steinmetz equation’. IEEE Int. Symp. Industrial Electronics, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2014, pp. 386–391.
45. 45)
  - 7. Kowal, D., Sergeant, P., Dupre, L., et al: ‘Comparison of iron loss models for electrical machines with different frequency domain and time domain methods for excess loss prediction’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2015, 51, (1), pp. 1–10 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2338836).
46. 46)
  - 44. Rodrigues, L.K., Jewell, G.W.: ‘Model specific characterization of soft magnetic materials for core loss prediction in electrical machines’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2014, 50, (11), pp. 1–4 (doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2328099).

Iron loss calculation considering temperature influence in non-oriented steel laminations

References

Related content