Cryogenic current comparators and their application to electrical metrology
Cryogenic current comparators and their application to electrical metrology
- Author(s): J.M. Williams
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2010.0170
For access to this article, please select a purchase option:
Buy article PDF
Buy Knowledge Pack
IET members benefit from discounts to all IET publications and free access to E&T Magazine. If you are an IET member, log in to your account and the discounts will automatically be applied.
Thank you
Your recommendation has been sent to your librarian.
- Author(s): J.M. Williams 1
-
-
View affiliations
-
Affiliations:
1: National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
-
Affiliations:
1: National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Source:
Volume 5, Issue 6,
November 2011,
p.
211 – 224
DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2010.0170 , Print ISSN 1751-8822, Online ISSN 1751-8830
The cryogenic current comparator (CCC), first demonstrated nearly 40 years ago, has become a key component of electrical metrology. It utilises a superconducting screen to achieve very high ratio accuracy and hence has found many applications where the electrical units need to be scaled over decade values. It has been deployed over a wide range of currents from 100 A to 1 pA and has been used to verify the accuracy of electrical quantum effects such as the quantised Hall effect. This study is a review of the theory, design principles and most common applications of the CCC. In addition to the summary of its use in top-level electrical metrology, some recent developments such as the use of high temperature superconducting materials and applications outside the realisation of electrical units are described.
Inspec keywords: Hall effect; electric current measurement; current comparators; superconducting materials; cryogenic electronics
Other keywords:
Subjects: Superconducting junction devices; Superconducting materials; Current measurement
References
-
-
1)
- R.L. Fagaly . Superconducting quantum interference device instruments and applications. Rev. Sci. Instrum.
-
2)
- F. Delayhaye . Series and parallel connection of multi-terminal quantum Hall effect devices. J. Appl. Phys. , 7914 - 7920
-
3)
- T.J. Witt , D. Reymann . Using power spectra and Allan variances to characterise the noise of Zener-diode voltage standards. IEE Proc. Sci. Meas. Technol. , 177 - 182
-
4)
- F. Delahaye . A double constant current source for cryogenic current comparators and its applications. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 426 - 429
-
5)
- C.A. Sanchez , B.M. Wood , A.D. Inglis . CCC bridge with digitally controlled current sources. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 4 , 1202 - 1205
-
6)
- B. Jeckelmann , B. Jeanneret . The quantum Hall effect as an electrical resistance standard. Rep. Progr. Phys. , 1603 - 1655
-
7)
- K. Grohmann , D. Hechtfischer . Self-calibrating cryo current comparators for AC applications. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 91 - 96
-
8)
- M. Nakanishi , J. Kinoshita , T. Endo . Comparison of resistance standards between the National Institute of Metrology (China) and the Electrotechnical Laboratory (Japan). Metrologia , 207 - 212
-
9)
- M. Götz , D. Drung , E. Pesel . Improved cryogenic current comparator setup with digital current sources. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 4 , 1176 - 1182
-
10)
- T. Watanabe , W. Watanabe , T. Ikeda . A prototype of a highly sensitive cryogenic current comparator with a HTS SQUID and HTS magnetic shield. Supercond. Sci. Technol. , S450 - S455
-
11)
- F. Delahaye . An AC-bridge for low-frequency measurements of the quantized Hall resistance. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 6 , 883 - 888
-
12)
- G. Rietveld , E. Bartolomé , J. Sesé . 1:30 000 cryogenic current comparator with optimum SQUID readout. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 621 - 625
-
13)
- B. Jeckelmann , W. Fasel , B. Jeanneret . Improvements in the realization of the quantized Hall resistance standard at OFMET. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 265 - 268
-
14)
- J. Kinoshita , K. Inagaki , C. Yamanouchi . Self-balancing resistance ratio bridge using a cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 290 - 292
-
15)
- K. von Klitzing , G. Dorda , M. Pepper . New method for high accuracy determination of the five structure constant based on quantized Hall resistance. Phys. Rev. Lett. , 494 - 497
-
16)
- A. Jeffery , R.E. Elmquist , J.Q. Shields . Determination of the von Klitzing constant and the fine-structure constant through a comparison of the quantized Hall resistance and the ohm derived from the NIST calculable capacitor. Metrologia , 83 - 96
-
17)
- A. Hartland , K. Jones , J.M. Williams , B.L. Gallagher , T. Galloway . Direct comparison of the quantized Hall resistance in gallium-arsenide and silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett. , 8 , 969 - 973
-
18)
- B. Jeckelmann , A.D. Inglis , B. Jeanneret . Material, device and step independence of the quantized Hall resistance. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 269 - 275
-
19)
- Hartland, A.: `Use of a cryogenic current comparator to determine the quantized Hall resistance in a silicon MOSFET', Proc. Precision Meas. Fund. Constants II, NBS Special Publication, 1982, 617, p. 543–548.
-
20)
- R.E. Elmquist , R.F. Dziuba . High-temperature superconductor cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 262 - 264
-
21)
- M.D. Early , K. Jones . Optimum sensitivity of an externally shielded cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 6 , 459 - 462
-
22)
- A. Hartland . Quantum standards for electrical units. Contemp. Phys.
-
23)
- R.E. Elmquist , E. Hourdakis , D.G. Jarrett , N.M. Zimmerman . Direct resistance comparisons from the QHR to 100 MΩ using a cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 525 - 528
-
24)
- F. Piquemal , G. Geneves . An argument for a direct realization of the quantum metrological triangle. Metrologia , 207 - 211
-
25)
- J.M. Williams , P. Kleinschmidt . A cryogenic current comparator bridge for resistance measurements at currents of up to 100 A. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 375 - 378
-
26)
- E. Pesel , B. Schumacher , P. Warnecke . Resistance scaling up to 1 MΩ at PTB with a cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 273 - 275
-
27)
- A. Hartland . The quantum Hall effect and resistance standards. Metrologia , 175 - 190
-
28)
- G. Giunchi , E. Bassani , T. Cavallin , N. Bancone , F. Pavese . An MgB2 superconducting shield for a cryogenic current comparator working up to 34 K. Superconduct. Sci. Technol. , L39 - L41
-
29)
- M.J.T. Milton , J.M. Williams , A.B. Forbes . The quantum metrology triangle and the redefinition of the SI ampere and kilogram; analysis of a reduced set of observational equations. Metrologia , 279 - 286
-
30)
- D.R. White , J.M. Williams . Resistance network for verifying the accuracy of resistance bridges. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 329 - 332
-
31)
- F. Gay , F. Piquemal , G. Geneves . Ultralow noise current amplifier based on a cryogenic current comparator. Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 12 , 4592 - 4595
-
32)
- W. vander Wel , J.E. Mooij , C.J.P.M. Harmans . A resistance ratio bridge based on a cryogenic current comparator for measuring the quantized Hall resistance. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 1 , 54 - 58
-
33)
- T.J.B.M. Janssen , A. Hartland . Accurate measurement of currents generated by single electrons transported in a one-dimensional channel. IEE Proc. Sci. Meas. Technol. , 4 , 174 - 176
-
34)
- G. Rietveld , P. de la Court , H. van den Brom . Internally damped CCC for accurate measurements of small electrical currents. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 4 , 1196 - 1201
-
35)
- A. Hartland , R.G. Jones , B.P. Kibble , D.J. Legg . The relationship between the SI ohm, the ohm at NPL and the quantized Hall resistance. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 208 - 213
-
36)
- B.W. Petley . The role of the fundamental constants of physics in metrology. Metrologia , 95 - 112
-
37)
- J.M. Williams , T.J.B.M. Janssen , G. Rietveld , E. Houtzager . An automated cryogenic current comparator resistance ratio bridge for routine resistance measurements. Metrologia , 167 - 174
-
38)
- G.T. Symm , C.A. Brebbia , J. Dominguez , F. Paris . (1992) Design of a cryogenic current comparator, Proc. boundary elements XIV: field problems and applications.
-
39)
- F. Delahaye , D. Bournaud . Low-noise measurements of the quantized Hall resistance using an improved cryogenic current comparator bridge. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 237 - 240
-
40)
- I.K. Harvey . Cryogenic ac Josephson effect emf standard using a superconducting current comparator. Metrologia , 47 - 54
-
41)
- H. Seppa , A. Satrapinski , T. Varpula , J.M. Saari . Frequency-dependence of 100-omega standard resistors measured with a CCC-based ac resistance bridge. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 276 - 280
-
42)
- H. Seppa , A. Satrapinksi , M. Kiviranta , V. Virkki . Thin-film cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 365 - 369
-
43)
- J. Sese , F. Lera , A. Camon , C. Rillo . Calculation of effective inductances of superconducting devices – application to the cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconduct. , 1 , 58 - 62
-
44)
- L. Hao , J.C. Macfarlane , J.C. Gallop . Ion beam measurement with a high-temperature superconductor squid and current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 302 - 305
-
45)
- J.M. Williams , A. Hartland . An automated cryogenic current comparator resistance ratio bridge. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 267 - 270
-
46)
- J. Gallop , F.: Piquemal , J. Clarke , A. Braginski . (2006) SQUIDs for standards and metrology, The SQUID handbook: applications of SQUIDs and SQUID systems.
-
47)
- J. Sese , E. Bartolome , A. Camon , J. Flokstra , G. Rietveld , C. Rillo . Simplified calculus for the design of a cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 612 - 616
-
48)
- R.E. Elmquist . Cryogenic current comparator measurements at 77 K using Thallium-2223 thick-film shields. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 383 - 386
-
49)
- R.E. Elmquist . Leakage current detection in cryogenic current comparator bridges. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 167 - 169
-
50)
- J.F. Bridge , S.W. Angrist . An extended table of roots of J′n(x)Y′n(βx)−J′n(βx)Y′n(x)=0. Math. Comput. , 198 - 204
-
51)
- M.D. Early , M.A. van Dam . Results from a detailed calculation of the sensitivity of a cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 379 - 382
-
52)
- K. Grohmann , D. Hechtfischer . Kryostromkomparatoren als Präzisionsstandards für rationale Gleich- und Wechselstromverhältnisse. PTB-Mitteilungen , 328 - 344
-
53)
- D.B. Sullivan , R.F. Dziuba . A low-temperature direct-current comparator bridge. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 4 , 256 - 260
-
54)
- H. Seppa . The ratio error of the overlapped-tube cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 5 , 689 - 697
-
55)
- K. Grohmann , H.D. Hahlbohm , D. Hechtfisher , H. Lübbig . Field attenuation as the underlying principle of cryo current comparators. Cryogenics , 7 , 423 - 429
-
56)
- W. van der Wel , J.E. Mooij , C.J.P.M. Harmans . Cryogenic current comparator with increased resolution. Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 4 , 624 - 626
-
57)
- L.C.A. Henderson , A. Hartland , J.M. Williams . Measurements of 10 V standards using a 1 V Josephson array. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 577 - 579
-
58)
- ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008: ‘Uncertainty of measurement – Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement’ (GUM, 1995).
-
59)
- R.E. Elmquist , R.F. Dziuba . Isolated ramping current sources for a cryogenic current comparator bridge. Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 10 , 2457 - 2460
-
60)
- N. Feltin , L. Devoille , F. Piquemal , S.V. Lotkhov , A.B. Zorin . Progress in measurements of a single-electron pump by means of a CCC. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 599 - 603
-
61)
- K. Grohmann , H.D. Hahlbohm , D. Hechtfisher . The cryo current comparator as a calculable DC ratio standard. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 3 , 205 - 211
-
62)
- M.E. Bierzychudek , R.E. Elquist . Uncertainty evaluation in a two-terminal cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 4 , 1170 - 1175
-
63)
- L. Hao , J.C. Gallop , J.C. Macfarlane , C. Carr . HTS cryogenic current comparator for non-invasive sensing of charged particle beams. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 617 - 620
-
64)
- Y. de Wilde , F. Gay , F.P.M. Piquemal , G. Genevès . Measurements of single electron transistor devices combined with a CCC: progress report. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 231 - 234
-
65)
- H. Seppa , A. Satrapinski . AC resistance bridge based on the cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 463 - 466
-
66)
- K. Grohmann , H.D. Hahlbohm , D. Hechtfischer , H. Lübbig . Field attenuation as the underlying principle of cryo-current comparators 2. Ring cavity elements. Cryogenics , 10 , 601 - 605
-
67)
- K. Grohmann , H.D. Hahlbohm , H. Lübbig , H. Ramin . Ironless cryogenic current comparators for AC and DC applications. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 4 , 261 - 263
-
68)
- M.D. Early , K. Jones , M.P. Staines , R.R. Exley . Development of a split-toroid high-temperature superconducting cryogenic current comparator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 306 - 309
-
69)
- J.M. Williams , G. Rietveld , E. Houtzager , T.J.B.M. Janssen . Design considerations for a CCC bridge with complete digital control. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.
-
70)
- D.B. Sullivan , R.F. Dzuiba . Low temperature direct current comparators. Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 4 , 517 - 519
-
71)
- L. Hao , J.C. Gallop , J.C. Macfarlane , C. Carr , G.B. Donaldson . HTS flux concentrator for non-invasive sensing of charged particle beams. Superconduct. Sci. Technol. , 1115 - 1118
-
72)
- F. Delahaye , D. Reymann . Progress in resistance ratio measurements using a cryogenic current comparator at LCIE. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 2 , 316 - 319
-
73)
- I.K. Harvey . A precise low temperature dc ratio transformer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 11 , 1626 - 1629
-
1)