Extensive frequency response and inertia analysis under high renewable energy source integration scenarios: application to the European interconnected power system
- Author(s): Ana Fernández-Guillamón 1 ; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro 2 ; Ángel Molina-García 1
-
-
View affiliations
-
Affiliations:
1:
Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology Department , Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena , Cartagena , Spain ;
2: Renewable Energy Research Institute and DIEEAC-EDII-AB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Albacete , Spain
-
Affiliations:
1:
Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology Department , Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena , Cartagena , Spain ;
- Source:
Volume 14, Issue 15,
16
November
2020,
p.
2885 – 2896
DOI: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2020.0045 , Print ISSN 1752-1416, Online ISSN 1752-1424
Traditionally, power system's inertia has been estimated according to the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. Due to the significant penetration of renewable generation units, the conventional grid inertia is decreasing, subsequently affecting both reliability analysis and grid stability. As a result, concepts such as ‘synthetic inertia’, ‘hidden inertia’ or ‘virtual inertia’, together with alternative spinning reserves, are currently under discussion. Under this new framework, an algorithm to estimate the minimum inertia needed to fulfil the European network of transmission system operators for electricity requirements for rate of change of frequency values is proposed and assessed. Both inertia and additional active power can come from different sources, such as storage solutions, renewable sources decoupled from the grid, interconnections, or a combination of them. The power system under consideration includes thermal, hydro-power plants, and renewable generation units, in line with the most current and future European power systems. More than 700 generation mix scenarios are simulated, varying the renewable integration, the power imbalance, and the inertia constant of conventional power plants. The solutions studied here provide important information to ease the massive integration of renewable resources, without reducing the grid capacity in terms of stability and response to contingencies.
Inspec keywords: power system stability; wind power plants; power generation reliability; frequency control; power grids; frequency response; hydroelectric power stations; photovoltaic power systems; power generation economics; power system interconnection
Other keywords: power imbalance; virtual inertia; renewable generation units; European network; hydro-power plants; frequency control; European supply-side power systems; reliability analysis; grid inertia; generation mix scenario; frequency dynamic range; rotating masses; conventional power plants; European interconnected power system; extensive frequency response; supply-side power systems; active power; synthetic inertia; alternative spinning reserves; power system stability; inertia analysis; transmission system operators; photovoltaic power plants; high renewable energy source integration; renewable integration; wind power plants
Subjects: Stability in control theory; Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems; Reliability; Hydroelectric power stations and plants; Power system management, operation and economics; Frequency control; Power system control; Control of electric power systems; Wind power plants
References
-
-
1)
-
21. Du, P., Matevosyan, J.: ‘Forecast system inertia condition and its impact to integrate more renewables’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2018, 9, (2), pp. 1531–1533.
-
-
2)
-
62. ENTSO-E: ‘Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) 2020 – Scenario Report’, 2020, Available from: https://tyndp.entsoe.eu/scenarios.
-
-
3)
-
36. Tielens, P., Van Hertem, D.: ‘The relevance of inertia in power systems’, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2016, 55, pp. 999–1009.
-
-
4)
-
59. Kundur, P., Balu, N.J., Lauby, M.G.: ‘Power system stability and control’, vol. 7 (McGraw-hill New York, United States of America, 1994).
-
-
5)
-
9. Energy, S.P.: ‘Technology roadmap’, IEA, Tech. Rep., September 2014, Available from https://www.iea.org/reports/technology-roadmap-solar-thermal-electricity-2014.
-
-
6)
-
57. ENTSO.E: ‘NC load frequency control & reserve: overview last developments’, 2012. Available at https://www.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
7)
-
48. Morren, J.: ‘Grid support by power electronic converters of distributed generation units’, TU Delft, 2006.
-
-
8)
-
46. Dreidy, M., Mokhlis, H., Mekhilef, S.: ‘Inertia response and frequency control techniques for renewable energy sources: a review’, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2017, 69, pp. 144–155.
-
-
9)
-
50. Fernández-Guillamón, A., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., Molina-García, Á: ‘Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2019, 13, (15), pp. 2807–2816.
-
-
10)
-
27. Canevese, S., Iaria, A., Rapizza, M.: ‘Impact of fast primary regulation and synthetic inertia on grid frequency control’. 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conf. Europe (ISGT-Europe), Torino, Italy, September 2017, pp. 1–6.
-
-
11)
-
15. Zhang, W., Fang, K.: ‘Controlling active power of wind farms to participate in load frequency control of power systems’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2017, 11, pp. 2194–2203(9).
-
-
12)
-
44. Toulabi, M., Bahrami, S., Ranjbar, A.M.: ‘An input-to-state stability approach to inertial frequency response analysis of doubly-fed induction generator-based wind turbines’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2017, 32, (4), pp. 1418–1431.
-
-
13)
-
17. Spahic, E., Varma, D., Beck, G., et al: ‘Impact of reduced system inertia on stable power system operation and an overview of possible solutions’. Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2016, Boston, USA, July 2016, pp. 1–5.
-
-
14)
-
24. Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.: ‘Integrated wind turbine controller with virtual inertia and primary frequency responses for grid dynamic frequency support’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2017, 11, (8), pp. 1129–1137.
-
-
15)
-
25. Nguyen, H.T., Yang, G., Nielsen, A.H., et al: ‘Frequency stability improvement of low inertia systems using synchronous condensers’. 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Sydney, Australia, November 2016, pp. 650–655.
-
-
16)
-
12. Shah, R., Mithulananthan, N., Bansal, R.C., et al: ‘A review of key power system stability challenges for large-scale PV integration’, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2015, 41, (Suppl. C), pp. 1423–1436.
-
-
17)
-
20. Daly, P., Flynn, D., Cunniffe, N.: ‘Inertia considerations within unit commitment and economic dispatch for systems with high non-synchronous penetrations’. PowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, July 2015, pp. 1–6.
-
-
18)
-
19. Delille, G., Francois, B., Malarange, G.: ‘Dynamic frequency control support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on isolated power system's inertia’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2012, 3, (4), pp. 931–939.
-
-
19)
-
68. Fang, J., Lin, P., Li, H., et al: ‘An improved virtual inertia control for three-phase voltage source converters connected to a weak grid’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2018, 34, (9), pp. 8660–8670.
-
-
20)
-
56. ENTSO-E: ‘Explanatory note for the FCR dimensioning rules proposal’. Available at https://consultations.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
21)
-
39. Li, W., Du, P., Lu, N.: ‘Design of a new primary frequency control market for hosting frequency response reserve offers from both generators and loads’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2018, 9, (5), pp. 4883–4892.
-
-
22)
-
52. ENTSO-E: ‘High penetration of power electronic interfaced power sources (HPoPEIPS)’. Available at https://consultations.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
23)
-
18. Gautam, D., Goel, L., Ayyanar, R., et al: ‘Control strategy to mitigate the impact of reduced inertia due to doubly fed induction generators on large power systems’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2011, 26, (1), pp. 214–224.
-
-
24)
-
23. Negnevitsky, M., Nguyen, D.H., Piekutowski, M.: ‘Risk assessment for power system operation planning with high wind power penetration’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2015, 30, (3), pp. 1359–1368.
-
-
25)
-
3. Zervos, A., Lins, C., Muth, J.: ‘RE-thinking 2050: a 100% renewable energy vision for the European Union’, EREC, 2010.
-
-
26)
-
32. Bueno, P.G., Hernández, J.C., Ruiz-Rodriguez, F.J.: ‘Stability assessment for transmission systems with large utility-scale photovoltaic units’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2016, 10, (5), pp. 584–597.
-
-
27)
-
6. Tselepis, S., Nikoletatos, J.: ‘Renewable energy integration in power grids, IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, Tech. Rep.’, April 2015.
-
-
28)
-
45. Sun, Y.-z., Zhang, Z.-s., Li, G.-j., et al: ‘Review on frequency control of power systems with wind power penetration’. 2010 Int. Conf. on Power System Technology (POWERCON), Hangzhou, China, October 2010, pp. 1–8.
-
-
29)
-
65. Tielens, P.: ‘Operation and control of power systems with low synchronous inertia’, KU Leuven, 2017.
-
-
30)
-
60. Ahmadyar, A.S., Riaz, S., Verbič, G., et al: ‘A framework for assessing renewable integration limits with respect to frequency performance’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2018, 33, (4), pp. 4444–4453.
-
-
31)
-
51. ENTSO-E: ‘Electricity balancing in Europe’. Available at https://docstore.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
32)
-
55. ENTSO-E: ‘Frequency stability evaluation criteria for the synchronous zone of continental Europe’. Available at https://docstore.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
33)
-
58. ENTSO-E: ‘Explanatory document for the Nordic synchronous area Proposal for the dimensioning rules for FCR in accordance with Article 153 of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485 of 2 Aug. 2017. establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation’. Available at https://consultations.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
34)
-
1. D'hulst, R., Fernandez, J.M., Rikos, E., et al: ‘Voltage and frequency control for future power systems: the ELECTRA IRP proposal’. 2015 Int. Symp. on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST), Vienna, Austria, September 2015, pp. 245–250.
-
-
35)
-
22. Xu, T., Liu, Y., Overbye, T.J.: ‘Metric development for evaluating inertia's locational impacts on system primary frequency response’. 2018 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conf. (TPEC), Texas, USA, February 2018, pp. 1–6.
-
-
36)
-
61. Weitemeyer, S., Kleinhans, D., Vogt, T., et al: ‘Integration of renewable energy sources in future power systems: the role of storage’, Renew. Energy, 2015, 75, pp. 14–20.
-
-
37)
-
28. Attya, A.B.T., Hartkopf, T.: ‘Control and quantification of kinetic energy released by wind farms during power system frequency drops’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2013, 7, (3), pp. 210–224.
-
-
38)
-
8. Europe, W.: ‘Wind energy in Europe: scenarios for 2030’, Wind Europe, Brussels, Belgium, 2017.
-
-
39)
-
34. Fenández-Guillamón, A., Molina-Garcia, A., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., et al: ‘Frequency response and inertia analysis in power systems with high wind energy integration’. Int. Conf. on Clean Electrical Power – ICCEP, Italy, 2019, pp. 1–6.
-
-
40)
-
31. Mosca, C., Arrigo, F., Mazza, A., et al: ‘Mitigation of frequency stability issues in low inertia power systems using synchronous compensators and battery energy storage systems’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2019, 13, (17), pp. 3951–3959.
-
-
41)
-
35. Boldea, I.: ‘Synchronous generators’ (CRC Press, United States of America, 2015).
-
-
42)
-
43. Kayikçi, M., Milanovic, J.V.: ‘Dynamic contribution of DFIG-based wind plants to system frequency disturbances’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2009, 24, (2), pp. 859–867.
-
-
43)
-
54. ENTSO-E: ‘Rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) withstand capability’. Available at https://docstore.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
44)
-
42. Aho, J., Buckspan, A., Laks, J., et al: ‘A tutorial of wind turbine control for supporting grid frequency through active power control’. 2012 American Control Conf. (ACC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2012, pp. 3120–3131.
-
-
45)
-
26. Kerdphol, T., Rahman, F.S., Mitani, Y.: ‘Virtual inertia control application to enhance frequency stability of interconnected power systems with high renewable energy penetration’, Energies, 2018, 11, (4), p. 981.
-
-
46)
-
47. Fernández-Guillamón, A., Gómez-Lázaro, E., Muljadi, E., et al: ‘Power systems with high renewable energy sources: a review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time’, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2019, 115, p. 109369.
-
-
47)
-
40. Nedd, M., Booth, C., Bell, K.: ‘Potential solutions to the challenges of low inertia power systems with a case study concerning synchronous condensers’. 2017 52nd Int. Universities Power Engineering Conf. (UPEC), Crete, Greece, August 2017, pp. 1–6.
-
-
48)
-
29. Fernández-Guillamón, A., Sarasúa, J.I., Chazarra, M., et al: ‘Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: a spanish isolated power system case study’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2020, 121, p. 106044.
-
-
49)
-
30. Wang, Y., Silva, V., Lopez-Botet-Zulueta, M.: ‘Impact of high penetration of variable renewable generation on frequency dynamics in the continental europe interconnected system’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2016, 10, (1), pp. 10–16.
-
-
50)
-
16. Tielens, P., Van Hertem, D.: ‘Grid inertia and frequency control in power systems with high penetration of renewables’, Young Researchers Symposium in Electrical Power Engineering, Delft, Netherlands, April 2012, Available from https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/182648.
-
-
51)
-
7. Dave Jones, Alice Sakhel, Matthias Buck, Patrick Graichen: ‘The european power sector in 2017. State of affairs and review of current developments’, Agora Energiewende and Sandbag, 2018, Available from https://ember-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EU-power-sector-report-2017.pdf.
-
-
52)
-
14. Rodriguez, R.A., Becker, S., Andresen, G.B., et al: ‘Transmission needs across a fully renewable european power system’, Renew. Energy, 2014, 63, pp. 467–476.
-
-
53)
-
67. Pulgar-Painemal, H., Wang, Y., Silva-Saravia, H.: ‘On inertia distribution, inter-area oscillations and location of electronically-interfaced resources’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2017, 33, (1), pp. 995–1003.
-
-
54)
-
38. Chiodo, E., Lauria, D., Mottola, F.: ‘On-line bayes estimation of rotational inertia for power systems with high penetration of renewables. Part I: theoretical methodology’. 2018 Int. Symp. on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Amalfi, Italy, June 2018, pp. 835–840.
-
-
55)
-
5. Huber, M., Dimkova, D., Hamacher, T.: ‘Integration of wind and solar power in europe: assessment of flexibility requirements’, Energy, 2014, 69, (Suppl. C), pp. 236–246.
-
-
56)
-
4. Liu, G., Tomsovic, K.: ‘Quantifying spinning reserve in systems with significant wind power penetration’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2012, 27, (4), pp. 2385–2393.
-
-
57)
-
11. Ochoa Correa, D., Martinez, S.: ‘Fast-frequency response provided by DFIG-wind turbines and its impact on the grid’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2017, 32, (5), pp. 4002–4011.
-
-
58)
-
37. Fernández-Guillamón, A., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., Molina-García, A.: ‘Análisis y simulación de estrategias agregadas de control de frecuencia entre grandes parques eólicos y aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos’. M.S. thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 2017.
-
-
59)
-
2. Hadjipaschalis, I., Poullikkas, A., Efthimiou, V.: ‘Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications’, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2009, 13, (6–7), pp. 1513–1522.
-
-
60)
-
33. Püschel-LØvengreen, S., Mancarella, P.: ‘Frequency response constrained economic dispatch with consideration of generation contingency size’. 2018 Power Systems Computation Conf. (PSCC), Dublin, Ireland, June 2018, pp. 1–7.
-
-
61)
-
53. ENTSO-E: ‘Need for synthetic inertia (SI) for frequency regulation’, 11 2017. Available at https://consultations.entsoe.eu/.
-
-
62)
-
13. Green, R., Vasilakos, N.: ‘Market behaviour with large amounts of intermittent generation’, Energy Policy, 2010, 38, (7), pp. 3211–3220.
-
-
63)
-
66. Gonzalez-Longatt, F.: ‘Frequency control and inertial response schemes for the future power networks’, ‘Large scale renewable power generation’ (Springer, Singapore, 2014), pp. 193–231.
-
-
64)
-
49. Tielens, P., Van Hertem, D.: ‘Receding horizon control of wind power to provide frequency regulation’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2017, 32, (4), pp. 2663–2672.
-
-
65)
-
63. Zhang, Z.S., Sun, Y.Z., Lin, J., et al: ‘Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2012, 6, (1), pp. 38–47.
-
-
66)
-
10. Zakeri, B., Syri, S., Rinne, S.: ‘Higher renewable energy integration into the existing energy system of finland–is there any maximum limit?’, Energy, 2015, 92, pp. 244–259.
-
-
67)
-
41. Ulbig, A., Borsche, T.S., Andersson, G.: ‘Analyzing rotational inertia, grid topology and their role for power system stability’, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2015, 48, (30), pp. 541–547.
-
-
68)
-
64. Krpan, M., Kuzle, I.: ‘Inertial and primary frequency response model of variable-speed wind turbines’, J. Eng., 2017, 2017, (13), pp. 844–848.
-
-
1)