© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
This study aims to define an online reactive power control scheme for a wind energy harvesting network such that it regulates the voltage at the transmission level in a manner comparable to a conventional synchronous plant and hence could be integrated in an existing transmission network hierarchical voltage control scheme. For that purpose, all decentralised elements within the network (wind farms and on load tap changing (OLTC) transformers) should be coordinated. In that sense, a central controller needs to be implemented. Unwanted controller interactions may then arise as the various decentralised controllers dynamically respond to the changing set-points received from a central controller. To mitigate these interactions, this study proposes a novel offline optimisation approach for tuning the dynamic settings (i.e. settings that affect the central controller temporal evolution such as time constant, time delays or dead bands). These settings ensure that the centrally determined set-points can actually be achieved in practice, and unlocking such performance is the principle research contribution of the present study.
References
-
-
1)
-
28. Farag, H.E., El-Saadany, E.F., Seethapathy, R.: ‘A multi-agent voltage and reactive power control for multiple feeders with distributed generation’. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013, pp. 1–5.
-
2)
-
39. Bendjeghaba, O., Boushaki, S.I., Zemmour, N.: ‘Firefly algorithm for optimal tuning of PID controller parameters’. Fourth Int. Conf. on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG), 2013, pp. 1293–1296.
-
3)
-
34. REE: ‘P.O 7.5, Servicio complementario de control de tensión en el sistema eléctrico español aplicable al régimen especial (borrador)’, 2011, .
-
4)
-
45. Lalwani, S., Singhal, S., Kumar, R., Gupta, N.: ‘A comprehensive survey: applications of multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm’, Trans. Comb., 2013, 2, pp. 39–101.
-
5)
-
38. ENTSO-E: ‘ENTSO-E draft network code for requirements for grid connection applicable to all generators’, 2012.
-
6)
-
33. Azpiri, I., Combarros, C., Pérez, J.C., et al: ‘TWENTIES project. DEMO 1. Test results, with their technical impact and validation, regarding the secondary frequency control demonstration & voltage control demonstration’, 2013.
-
7)
-
13. Sansawatt, T., Ochoa, L.F., Harrison, G.P.: ‘Smart decentralized control of DG for voltage and thermal constraint management’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2012, 27, pp. 1637–1645 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2186470).
-
8)
-
25. Moradzadeh, M., Boel, R., Vandevelde, L.: ‘Voltage coordination in multi-area power systems via distributed model predictive control’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2013, 28, pp. 513–521 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2197028).
-
9)
-
5. Corsi, S., Pozzi, M., Sabelli, C., Serrani, A.: ‘The coordinated automatic voltage control of the Italian transmission grid-part I: reasons of the choice and overview of the consolidated hierarchical system’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2004, 19, pp. 1723–1732 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.836185).
-
10)
-
10. Liew, S.N., Strbac, G.: ‘Maximising penetration of wind generation in existing distribution networks’, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2002, 149, pp. 256–262 (doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020218).
-
11)
-
44. Raquel, C.R., Naval, P.C.: ‘An effective use of crowding distance in multiobjective particle swarm optimization’. Conf. on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, Washington, USA, 2005, pp. 257–264.
-
12)
-
11. Pilo, F., Pisano, G., Soma, G.G.: ‘Optimal coordination of energy resources with a two-stage online active management’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, pp. 4526–4537 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2107717).
-
13)
-
5. Loia, V., Vaccaro, A., Vaisakh, K.: ‘A self-organizing architecture based on cooperative fuzzy agents for smart grid voltage control’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., 2013, 9, (3), pp. 1415–1422 (doi: 10.1109/TII.2013.2249074).
-
14)
-
2. Blanchon, G.: ‘A new aspect of studies of reactive energy and voltage’. Fourth PSCC Proc., Grenoble, France, 1972.
-
15)
-
15. Hamzeh, M., Mokhtari, H., Karimi, H.: ‘A decentralized self-adjusting control strategy for reactive power management in an islanded multi-bus MV microgrid’, Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 2013, 36, pp. 18–25 (doi: 10.1109/CJECE.2013.6544468).
-
16)
-
48. Windham, M.P.: ‘Cluster validity for the Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithrm’, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 1982, PAMI-4, pp. 357–363 (doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.1982.4767266).
-
17)
-
7. Paul, J.P., Leost, J.Y., Tesseron, J.: ‘Survey of the secondary voltage control in France: present realization and investigations’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1987, 2, pp. 505–511 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.1987.4335155).
-
18)
-
37. de la Fuente, J.I.: ‘Configuración del control jerárquico de tensiones en un sistema de energía eléctrica’. , Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 1997, .
-
19)
-
20. Kim, Y.-J., Ahn, S.-J., Hwang, P.-I., Pyo, G.-C., Moon, S.-I.: ‘Coordinated control of a DG and voltage control devices using a dynamic programming algorithm’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2013, 28, pp. 42–51 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2188819).
-
20)
-
19. Ranamuka, D., Agalgaonkar, A., Muttaqi, K.M.: ‘Online voltage control in distribution systems with multiple voltage regulating devices’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2014, 5, pp. 617–628 (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2013.2277719).
-
21)
-
17. Calderaro, V., Conio, G., Galdi, V., Massa, G., Piccolo, A.: ‘Optimal decentralized voltage control for distribution systems with inverter-based distributed generators’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2014, 29, pp. 230–241 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2280276).
-
22)
-
4. Corsi, S., De Villiers, F., Vajeth, R.: ‘Secondary voltage regulation applied to the South Africa transmission grid’. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010, pp. 1–8.
-
23)
-
29. Yorino, N., Zoka, Y., Watanabe, M., Kurushima, T.: ‘An optimal autonomous decentralized control method for voltage control devices by using a multi-agent system’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2014, PP, pp. 1–91 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2364193).
-
24)
-
22. Nakawiro, W.: ‘Predictive voltage control for a distribution network with renewable energy sources’. Int. Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON), 2014, pp. 1–4.
-
25)
-
42. Coello, C.A.C., Pulido, G.T., Lechuga, M.S.: ‘Handling multiple objectives with particle swarm optimization’, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., 2004, 8, pp. 256–279 (doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2004.826067).
-
26)
-
21. Erlich, I., Nakawiro, W., Martinez, M.: ‘Optimal dispatch of reactive sources in wind farms’. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1–7.
-
27)
-
8. Capitanescu, F., Bilibin, I., Romero Ramos, E.: ‘A comprehensive centralized approach for voltage constraints management in active distribution grid’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2014, 29, pp. 933–942 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2287897).
-
28)
-
43. Coello, C.A., Lechuga, M.S.: ‘MOPSO: A proposal for multiple objective particle swarm optimization’. Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), 2002, pp. 1051–1056.
-
29)
-
46. Zimmerman, R.D., Murillo-Sánchez, C.E.: ‘MatPower 4.1’, 2011.
-
30)
-
35. Arlaban, T., Peiró, J., Lorenzo, P., et al: ‘Voltage control by multiple wind power plants: field test results’. CIGRE General Meeting, Paris, 2012.
-
31)
-
6. Taranto, G.N., Martins, N., Falcao, D.M., Martins, A.C.B., Dos Santos, M.G.: ‘Benefits of applying secondary voltage control schemes to the Brazilian system’. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000, 2, pp. 937–942.
-
32)
-
3. Janssens, N.: ‘Tertiary and secondary voltage control for the Belgian HV system’. IEE Colloquium on Int. Practices in Reactive Power Control, 1993, pp. 8/1–8/4.
-
33)
-
27. Zhang, W., Liu, W., Wang, X., Liu, L., Ferrese, F.: ‘Distributed multiple agent system based online optimal reactive power control for smart grids’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2014, 5, pp. 2421–2431 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2327478).
-
34)
-
6. Di Fazio, A.R., Fusco, G., Russo, M.: ‘Decentralized control of distributed generation for voltage profile optimization in smart feeders’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2013, 4, (3), pp. 1586–1596 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2253810).
-
35)
-
32. Leahy, J.: ‘Gate 3 grid connection group processing approach – an analysis’. , Dublin Institute of Technology, 2010.
-
36)
-
40. Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R.: ‘Particle swarm optimization’. IEEE Int. Conf. on Neural Networks, 1995, vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948.
-
37)
-
47. Liu, X., Aichhorn, A., Liu, L., Li, H.: ‘Coordinated control of distributed energy storage system with tap changer transformers for voltage rise mitigation under high photovoltaic penetration’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2012, 3, pp. 897–906 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2177501).
-
38)
-
14. Berizzi, A., Bovo, C., Ilea, V., Merlo, M., Miotti, A., Zanellini, F.: ‘Decentralized reactive power control of wind power plants’. IEEE Int. Energy Conf. and Exhibition (ENERGYCON), 2012, pp. 674–679.
-
39)
-
31. Cuffe, P., Smith, P., Keane, A.: ‘Transmission system impact of wind energy harvesting networks’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2012, 3, pp. 643–651 (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2199342).
-
40)
-
41. Domínguez, M., Fernández-Cardador, A., Cucala, A.P., Gonsalves, T., Fernández-Rodríguez, A.: ‘Multi objective particle swarm optimization algorithm for the design of efficient ATO speed profiles in metro lines’, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., 2014, 29, pp. 43–53 (doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2013.12.015).
-
41)
-
36. Ahmed, M.A., Kim, Y.-C.: ‘Hierarchical communication network architectures for offshore wind power farms’. Int. Symp. on Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), 2014, pp. 299–303.
-
42)
-
9. Vovos, P.N., Kiprakis, A., Wallace, A., Harrison, G.P.: ‘Centralized and distributed voltage control: impact on distributed generation penetration’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2007, 22, pp. 476–483 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888982).
-
43)
-
2. McArthur, S., Davidson, E., Catterson, V., et al: ‘Multi-agent systems for power engineering applications – part I: concepts, approaches, and technical challenges’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2007, 22, (4), pp. 1743–1752 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.908471).
-
44)
-
1. Arcidiacono, V., Corsi, S., Garzillo, A., Mocenigo, M.: ‘Studies on area voltage and reactive power control at ENEL’. , Dortmund, 1977.
-
45)
-
18. Cuffe, P., Keane, A.: ‘Voltage responsive distribution networks: comparing autonomous and centralized solutions’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2014, PP, pp. 1–9 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2360073).
-
46)
-
23. Falahi, M., Butler-Purry, K., Ehsani, M.: ‘Dynamic reactive power control of Islanded microgrids’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2013, 28, pp. 3649–3657 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2246589).
-
47)
-
24. Valverde, G., Van Cutsem, T.: ‘Model predictive control of voltages in active distribution networks’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2013, 4, pp. 2152–2161 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2246199).
-
48)
-
12. Kulmala, A., Repo, S., Järventausta, P.: ‘Coordinated voltage control in distribution networks including several distributed energy resources’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2014, 5, pp. 2010–2020 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2297971).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0041
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0041
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6