© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
In recent years, terahertz in-line sensing has been used to monitor the film coating thickness of individual pharmaceutical tablets during the coating process. In the previous work, the in-line measurements were verified against off-line measurements of samples from the same population. Here, we report on our recent progress to further verify the validity of the terahertz in-line measurement modality using discrete element modelling for an artificial lab-scale tablet mixing process inside a tablet pan coater. By coupling discrete modelling with a ray-tracing method, it is then possible to estimate the cumulative measurements taken, which in turn can guide towards the fine-tuning of the selection criteria as part of measurement analysis.
References
-
-
1)
-
15. Pei, C., Elliott, J.A.: ‘Asymptotic limits on tablet coating variability based on cap-to-band thickness distributions: a discrete element model (DEM) study’, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2017, 172, pp. 286–296.
-
2)
-
16. Kloss, C., Gonvia, C., Hager, A., et al: ‘Models, algorithms and validation for open source DEM and CFD-DEM’, Prog. Comput. Fluid Dyn., 2012, 12, pp. 40–152.
-
3)
-
1. Perez-Ramos, J.D., Findlay, W.P., Peck, G., et al: ‘Quantitative analysis of film coating in a pan coater based on in-line sensor measurements’, AAPS PharmSciTech, 2005, 6, (1), pp. 127–136.
-
4)
-
10. Toschkoff, G., Just, S., Knop, K., et al: ‘Modeling of an active tablet coating process’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 104, pp. 4082–4092.
-
5)
-
12. Freireich, B., Wassgren, B.: ‘Analysis and Monte-Carlo simulations’, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2010, 65, pp. 1117–1124.
-
6)
-
17. Di Renzo, A., Di Maio, F.P.: ‘Comparison of contact-force models for the simulation of collisions in DEM-based granular flow codes’, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2004, 59, pp. 525–541.
-
7)
-
5. Markl, D., Hannesschlager, G., Sacher, S., et al: ‘In-line monitoring of a pharmaceutical pan coating process by optical coherence tomography’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 104, (8), pp. 2531–2540.
-
8)
-
3. May, R. K., Evans, M. J., Zhong, S., et al: ‘Terahertz in-line sensor for direct coating thickness measurement of individual tablets during film coating in real-time’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 100, (4), pp. 1535–1544.
-
9)
-
11. Boehling, P., Toschkoff, G., Knop, K., et al: ‘Analysis of large-scale tablet coating: modeling, simulation and experiments’, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2016, 90, pp. 14–24.
-
10)
-
14. Toschkoff, G., Just, S., Funke, A., et al: ‘Spray models for discrete element simulations of particle coating processes’, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2014, 101, pp. 603–614.
-
11)
-
8. Lin, H., Dong, Y., Markl, D., et al: ‘Measurement of the inter-tablet coating uniformity of a pharmaceutical pan coating process with combined terahertz and optical coherence tomography in-line sensing’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 106, (4), pp. 1075–1084.
-
12)
-
6. Lin, H., Dong, Y., Shen, Y., et al: ‘Quantifying pharmaceutical film coating with optical coherence tomography and terahertz pulsed imaging: an evaluation’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 104, (10), pp. 3377–3385.
-
13)
-
7. Lin, H., Dong, Y., Markl, D., et al: ‘Pharmaceutical film coating catalog for spectral domain optical coherence tomography’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 106, (10), pp. 3171–3176.
-
14)
-
13. Freireich, B., Kumar, R., Ketterhagen, W., et al: ‘Comparisons of intra-tablet coating variability using DEM simulations, asymptotic limit models, and experiments’, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2015, 131, pp. 197–212.
-
15)
-
9. Russe, I.-S., Brock, D., Knop, K., et al: ‘Validation of terahertz coating thickness measurements using X-ray microtomography’, Mol. Pharm., 2012, 9, p. 3551.
-
16)
-
2. Wirges, M., Funke, A., Serno, P., et al: ‘Development and in-line validation of a process analytical technology to facilitate the scale up of coating processes’, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2013, 78–79, pp. 57–64.
-
17)
-
4. Lin, H., May, R.K., Evans, M., et al: ‘Impact of processing conditions on inter-tablet coating thickness variations measured by terahertz in-line sensing’, J. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 104, (8), pp. 2513–2522.
-
18)
-
18. Lin, H., Pei, C., Markl, D., et al: ‘Validating terahertz in-line measurement of tablet mixing with discrete element modelling’. UK–Europe–China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT), Liverpool, UK, September, 2017, pp. 1–2.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-map.2018.5561
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-map.2018.5561
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6