Electric vehicles, EVs, provide temporary distributed energy storage capacity for the evolving distribution grid. An aggregated storage capacity of multiple EVs is more meaningful for a distribution grid. Commercial car parks at metropolitan cities and parking lots (PLs) of hospitals, shopping centres, universities etc. are the potential areas that can be organised for these purposes. This study presents a distributed storage capacity formulation of an EV PL that can be used in distribution system reliability improvement. The storage capacity was determined by sequential Monte-Carlo simulations. Real car arrival-departure data provided by the PL authority of Istanbul, technical parameters (SoC of the batteries, battery capacity of EVs, charging and discharging rates), and some side-specific probabilistic parameters (driver behaviour, mean transportation distance etc.) were used for realistic model development. Special attention was given to some critical time periods when the storage support was more crucial for the utility grid. Moreover, future expectations for city urban planning and for travel behaviour of the community were also included in the model. Finally, impacts of several important parameters on the storage capacity of the PL were determined through sensitivity analysis.

References

1. 1)
  - 9. Loisela, R., Pasaoglu, G., Thiel, C.: ‘Large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Germany by 2030: an analysis of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid concepts’, Energy Policy, 2014, 65, pp. 432–443.
2. 2)
  - 29. Wu, D., Aliprantis, D.C., Ying, L.: ‘Load scheduling and dispatch for aggregators of plug-in electric vehicles’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2011, 3, (1), pp. 368–376.
3. 3)
  - 11. White, C.D., Zhang, K.M.: ‘Using vehicle-to-grid technology for frequency regulation and peak-load reduction’, J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, (8), pp. 3972–3980.
4. 4)
  - 27. Weiller, C.: ‘Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the United States’, Energy Policy, 2011, 39, (6), pp. 3766–3778.
5. 5)
  - 30. Yagcitekin, B., Uzunoglu, M., Karakas, A., et al: ‘Assessment of a car park with electric vehicles’. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives 2013, Istanbul, Turkey, May 2013, pp. 961–964.
6. 6)
  - 17. Neyestani, N., Damavandi, M.Y., Shafie-Khah, M., et al: ‘Allocation of plug-in vehicles’ parking lots in distribution systems considering network-constrained objectives’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2016, 30, (5), pp. 2643–2656.
7. 7)
  - 24. Guner, S., Ozdemir, A., Serbes, G.: ‘Impact of car arrival/departure patterns on EV parking lot energy storage capacity’. 14th Int. Conf. on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems PMAPS 2016, Beijing, China, October 2016.
8. 8)
  - 14. Honarmanda, M., Zakariazadeha, A., Jadida, S.: ‘Optimal scheduling of electric vehicles in an intelligent parking lot considering vehicle-to-grid concept and battery condition’, Energy, 2014, 65, pp. 572–579.
9. 9)
  - 20. Xu, N.Z., Chung, C.Y.: ‘Reliability evaluation of distribution systems including vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2015, 31, (1), pp. 759–768.
10. 10)
  - 8. Lund, H., Kempton, W.: ‘Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G’, Energy Policy, 2008, 36, (9), pp. 3578–3587.
11. 11)
  - 12. Kempton, W., Kubo, T.: ‘Electric-drive vehicles for peak power in Japan’, Energy Policy, 2000, 28, (1), pp. 9–18.
12. 12)
  - 32. Pashajavid, E., Golkar, M.A.: ‘Placing parking lot of plug-in electric vehicles within a distribution grid considering high penetration level of photovoltaic generation’. Proc. Integration of Renewables into the Distribution Grid CIRED 2012 Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, May 2012.
13. 13)
  - 2. Zhang, J., He, L., Li, C., et al: ‘Coordinated control for large-scale EV charging facilities and energy storage devices participating infrequency regulation’, Appl. Energy, 2014, 123, pp. 253–262.
14. 14)
  - 26. Chen, L., Chung, C.Y., Nie, Y., et al: ‘Modeling and optimization of electric vehicle charging load in a parking lot’. Proc. Power and Energy Engineering Conf. (APPEEC) 2013, Beijing, China, July 2013.
15. 15)
  - 25. Qian, K., Zhou, C., Allan, M., et al: ‘Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2010, 26, (2), pp. 802–810.
16. 16)
  - 31. Yilmaz, M., Krein, P.T.: ‘Review of benefits and challenges of vehicle-to-grid technology’. Proc. Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) 2012, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, September 2012, pp. 3082–3089.
17. 17)
  - 15. Shaaban, M.F., Ismail, M., El-Saadany, E.F., et al: ‘Real-time PEV charging/discharging coordination in smart distribution systems’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2014, 5, (4), pp. 1797–1807.
18. 18)
  - 4. Silva, M., Morais, H., Vale, Z.: ‘An integrated approach for distributed energy resource short-term scheduling in smart grids considering realistic power system simulation’, Energy Convers. Manage., 2012, 64, pp. 273–288.
19. 19)
  - 21. Wu, C.X., Chung, C.Y., Wen, F.S., et al: ‘Reliability/cost evaluation with PEV and wind generation system’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2013, 5, (1), pp. 2643–2656.
20. 20)
  - 1. Kempton, W., Udo, V., Huber, K., et al: ‘Test of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) for energy storage and frequency regulation in the PJM system’ January2009. http://www.udel.edu/V2G/resources/test-v2g-in-pjm-jan09.pdf.
21. 21)
  - 7. Chukwu, U.C., Mahajan, S.M.: ‘V2G parking lot with PV rooftop for capacity enhancement of a distribution system’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2013, 5, (1), pp. 119–127.
22. 22)
  - 16. Hutson, C., Venayagamoorthy, G.K., Corzine, K.A.: ‘Intelligent scheduling of hybrid and electric vehicle storage capacity in a parking lot for profit maximization in grid power transactions’. Proc. Energy 2030 Conf. Energy 2008, Atalanta, Georgia, USA, November 2008.
23. 23)
  - 19. Kavousi-Fard, A., Rostami, M.A., Niknam, T.: ‘Reliability-oriented reconfiguration of vehicle-to-grid networks’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., 2015, 11, (3), pp. 682–691.
24. 24)
  - 3. Jian, L., Zheng, Y., Xiao, X., et al: ‘Optimal scheduling for vehicle-to-grid operation with stochastic connection of plug-in electric vehicles to smart grid’, Appl. Energy, 2015146, pp. 150–161.
25. 25)
  - 23. Guner, S., Ozdemir, A.: ‘Distributed storage capacity modelling of EV parking lots’. 9th Int. Conf. on Electrical and Electronics Engineering ELECO 2015, Bursa, Turkey, November 2015, pp. 359–363.
26. 26)
  - 22. Farzin, H., Moeini-Aghtaie, M., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M.: ‘Reliability studies of distribution systems integrated with electric vehicles under battery-exchange mode’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2016, 31, (6), pp. 2473–2482.
27. 27)
  - 5. Honarmanda, M., Zakariazadeha, A., Jadida, S.: ‘Integrated scheduling of renewable generation and electric vehicles parking lot in a smart microgrid’, Energy Convers. Manage., 2014, 86, pp. 745–755.
28. 28)
  - 6. Honarmanda, M., Zakariazadeha, A., Jadida, S.: ‘Self-scheduling of electric vehicles in an intelligent parking lot using stochastic optimization’, J. Franklin Inst., 2015, 352, (2), pp. 449–467.
29. 29)
  - 10. Agarwal, L., Peng, W., Goel, L.: ‘Probabilistic estimation of aggregated power capacity of EVs for vehicle-to-grid application’. Proc. 2014 Int. Conf. on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), Durham, England, July 2014.
30. 30)
  - 13. Kuran, M.S., Viana, A.C., Iannone, L., et al: ‘A smart parking lot management system for scheduling the recharging of electric vehicles’, IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, 2015, 6, (6), pp. 2942–2953.
31. 31)
  - 28. Wu, D., Aliprantis, D.C., Gkritza, K.: ‘Electric energy and power consumption by light-duty plug-in electric vehicles’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2010, 26, (2), pp. 738–746.
32. 32)
  - 18. Rahmani-Andebili, M., Venayagamoorthy, G.K.: ‘SmartPark placement and operation for improving system reliability and market participation’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2015, 123, pp. 21–30.

Stochastic energy storage capacity model of EV parking lots

References

Related content