© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
This study presents the automatic generation control of an unequal four-area thermal system with appropriate generation rate constraint and governor dead band (GDB). Performances of several classical controllers, such as single degree-of-freedom proportional–integral–derivative (PID), two degree-of-freedom PID (2DOF-PID) and three degree-of-freedom PID (3DOF-PID) as secondary controllers are evaluated separately in the system. An attempt is made to apply the successful evolutionary optimisation technique named as biogeography-based optimisation technique for simultaneous optimisation of several variables, such as controller gains, setpoint weights and so on. Comparison of dynamic responses corresponding to PID, 2DOF-PID and 3DOF-PID reveals that 3DOF-PID controller outperforms the others. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the optimum gains and other parameters of the optimal controller obtained at nominal conditions are robust and need not be reset for wide changes in system condition like system loading, system parameters such as inertia constant (H), synchronising coefficient (Tij ) and GDB. The performance of 3DOF-PID controller is also studied with different step-load perturbations (SLPs) and random-load perturbations (RLPs). Analysis proves that 3DOF-PID controller performs better than 2DOF-PID at different SLPs and RLPs.
References
-
-
1)
-
12. Rahman, A., Saikia, L.C., Sinha, N.: ‘Maiden application of hybrid pattern search biogeography based optimization technique in AGC of a multiarea system incorporating IPFC’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, 10, (7), pp. 1654–1662 (doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0945).
-
2)
-
5. Demiroren, A., Zeynelgil, H.L., Sengor, N.S.: ‘Automatic generation control using ANN technique for multi-area power system with SMES units’, Electr. Power Compon. Syst., 2004, 32, pp. 193–213 (doi: 10.1080/15325000490195989).
-
3)
-
1. Elgerd, O.I., Fosha, C.: ‘Optimum megawatt frequency control of multi-area electric energy systems’, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., 1970, PAS-89, (4), pp. 556–563 (doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1970.292602).
-
4)
-
15. Sahu, R.K., Panda, S., Rout, U.K.: ‘DE optimized parallel 2-DOF PID controller for load frequency control of power system with governor dead-band nonlinearity’, Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2013, 49, pp. 19–33 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.12.009).
-
5)
-
18. Ibraheem, N., Bhatti, T.S.: ‘AGC of two area power system interconnected by AC/DC links with diverse sources in each area’, Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2014, 55, pp. 297–304 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.09.017).
-
6)
-
7. Debbarma, S., Saikia, L.C., Sinha, N.: ‘Automatic generation control using two degree of freedom fractional order PID controller’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2014, 58, pp. 120–129 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.01.011).
-
7)
-
22. Rahman, A., Saikia, L.C., Sinha, N.: ‘Load frequency control of a hydro-thermal system under deregulated environment using biogeography-based optimised three-degree-of-freedom integral-derivative controller’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2015, 9, (15), pp. 2284–2293 (doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0317).
-
8)
-
18. Sharma, Y., Saikia, L.C.: ‘Automatic generation control of a multi-area ST – thermal power system using Grey Wolf optimizer algorithm based classical controllers’, Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2015, 73, pp. 853–862 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.06.005).
-
9)
-
4. Nanda, J., Mishra, S., Saikia, L.C.: ‘Maiden application of bacterial foraging based optimization technique in multi area automatic generation control’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2009, 24, pp. 602–609 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2016588).
-
10)
-
20. Rabiee, A., Mohammadi, I.B., Ehsan, M.: ‘Discussion of hybrid differential evolution with biogeography-based optimization for solution of economic load dispatch’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2012, 27, (1), p. 574 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2176591).
-
11)
-
6. Debbarma, S., Saikia, L.C., Sinha, N.: ‘Solution to automatic generation control problem using firefly algorithm optimized IλDμ controller’, ISA Trans., 2014, 53, pp. 358–366 (doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2013.09.019).
-
12)
-
13. Rahman, A., Saikia, L.C., Sinha, N.: ‘AGC of dish-stirling solar thermal integrated thermal system with biogeography based optimized three degree of freedom PID controller’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2016, doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0474.
-
13)
-
21. Bansal, A.K., Kumar, R., Gupta, R.A.: ‘Economic analysis and power management of a small autonomous hybrid power system (SAHPS) using biogeography based optimization (BBO) algorithm’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2013, 4, (1), pp. 638–648 (doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2236112).
-
14)
-
14. Golpira, H., Bevrani, H., Golpira, H.: ‘Application of GA optimization for automatic generation control design in an interconnected power system’, Energy Convers. Manage., 2011, 52, pp. 2247–2255 (doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.01.010).
-
15)
-
15. Gozde, H., Taplamacioglu, M.C., Kocaarslan, I.: ‘Comparative performance analysis of artificial bee colony algorithm in automatic generation control for interconnected reheat thermal power system’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2012, 42, pp. 167–178 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.03.039).
-
16)
-
10. Kim, D.H.: ‘Design and tuning approach of 3-DOF emotion intelligent PID (3-DOF-EI-PID) controller’. 6th UKSim/AMSS European Modelling Symp. on Computer Modelling and Simulation, Valetta, 2012, pp. 74–77.
-
17)
-
18. Simon, D.: ‘Biogeography based optimization’, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., 2008, 12, (6), pp. 702–713 (doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2008.919004).
-
18)
-
14. Gozde, H., Taplamacioglu, M.C.: ‘Automatic generation control application with craziness based particle swarm optimization in a thermal power system’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2011, 33, pp. 8–16 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.010).
-
19)
-
9. Dash, P., Saikia, L.C., Sinha, N.: ‘Comparison of performances of several Cuckoo search algorithm based 2DOF controllers in AGC of multi-area thermal system’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2014, 55, pp. 429–436 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.09.034).
-
20)
-
22. Johnson, M.A., Mohammad, H.M.: ‘PID control new identification and design methods’ (Springer, USA, 2005).
-
21)
-
5. Saikia, L.C., Nanda, J., Mishra, S.: ‘Performance comparison of several classical controllers in AGC for multi-area interconnected thermal system’, Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2011, 33, pp. 394–401 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.036).
-
22)
-
3. Yamashita, K., Taniguchi, T.: ‘Optimal observer design for load frequency control’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 1986, 8, pp. 93–100 (doi: 10.1016/0142-0615(86)90003-7).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0528
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0528
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6