© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Wind farms (WFs) contribution in frequency deviations curtailment is a grey area, especially when WFs replace large conventional generation capacities. This study offers an algorithm to integrate hydro-pumped storage station (HPSS) to provide inertial and primary support, during frequency drops by utilising stored wind energy. However, wind turbines follow maximum power tracking, and do not apply frequency support methods, thus the wasted wind energy is mitigated. First, HPSS rated power and energy capacity are determined based on several givens, including wind speed and load characteristics. Thus, HPSS major aspects are estimated [e.g. pump(s), reservoir layout and generator(s)]. Second, offered algorithm coordinates energy storage, and releasing through several dynamic and static factors. HPSS output is continuously controlled through a timed approach to provide frequency support. A hypothetical system is inspired from Egyptian grid and real wind speed records at recommended locations to host WFs. Case studies examine the algorithm impact on frequency recovery, at 40% wind power penetration. The responses of thermal generation and HPSS are analysed to highlight the influence of tuning the parameters of the proposed algorithm. The assessment of several frequency metrics insures the positive role of HPSS in frequency drops curtailment. Simulation environments are MATLAB and Simulink.
References
-
-
1)
-
1. Holttinen, H., Orths, A.G., Eriksen, A.G., et al: ‘Currents of changes’, IEEE Power Energy Mag., 2011, 9, (6), pp. 47–59 (doi: 10.1109/MPE.2011.942351).
-
2)
-
9. Martinez, J.A.: ‘Modeling and characterization of energy storage devices’. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2011.
-
3)
-
13. Attya, A.B.T., Hartkopf, T.: ‘Control and quantification of kinetic energy released by wind farms during power system frequency drops’, Renew. Power Gener., 2013, 7, (3), pp. 210–224 (doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2012.0163).
-
4)
-
25. Kundur, P.: ‘Power system stability and control’ (McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1994).
-
5)
-
21. Chaurette, J.: ‘Pump system analysis and sizing’ (Fluide Design Inc., 2002).
-
6)
-
20. Mortensen, N.G., Said, U.S.: ‘Wind atlas for egypt’, 2009.
-
7)
-
3. Fox, B., Bryans, L., Flynn, D., Jenckins, N., Milborrow, D.: ‘Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects’ () (2007).
-
8)
-
30. Andersson, G.: ‘Lecture notes: dynamics and control of eletrical power systems’ (ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2011).
-
9)
-
28. Emam Shalan, H., Moustafa Hassan, M.A., Bahgat, A.B.G.: ‘Parameter estimation and dynamic simulation of gas turbine model in combined cycle power plants based on actual operational data’, J. Am. Sci., 2011, 7, (5), pp. 303–310.
-
10)
-
4. Meng, Z.J.: ‘An improved equivalent wind method for the aggregation of DFIG wind turbines’. IEEE Int. Conf. on Power System Technology (POWERCON), China, 2010.
-
11)
-
23. Voith company: ‘Pumps tailormade solutions for water applications’, .
-
12)
-
14. Attya, A.B., Ali, H., Hartkopf, T.: ‘Frequency drops mitigation at high wind energy penetration by hydro-pumped storage – capacity sizing’. IEEE 17th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conf., Beirut, 2014.
-
13)
-
27. UCTE: ‘Appendix 1 – load-frequency control and performance’ (The Union of the coordination of the transmission of electricity, 2002).
-
14)
-
5. Rawn, B.G., Gibescu, M., Kling, W.L.: ‘Kinetic energy from distributed wind farms: technical potential and implications’. IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conf. Europe, 2010.
-
15)
-
24. Bergen, A.R., Vittal, V.: ‘Power system analysis’ (Prentice-Hall, 2000, 2nd edn.).
-
16)
-
2. Ackermann, T.: ‘Wind power in power systems’ (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005).
-
17)
-
26. Kamwa, I., Lefebvre, D., Loud, L.: ‘Small signal analysis of hydro-turbine governors in large interconnected power plants’. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Varennes, Canada, 2002.
-
18)
-
17. Gevorgian, V., Zhang, Y., Ela, E.: ‘Investigating the impacts of wind generation participation in interconnection frequency response’, IEEE Trans. Sust. Energy, 2014, .
-
19)
-
16. Castro, R., Ferreira, L.: ‘A comparison between chronological and probabilistic method to estimate wind power capacity credit’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2001, 16, (4), pp. 904–909 (doi: 10.1109/59.962444).
-
20)
-
18. Miller, N., Price, W., Sanchez-Gasca, J.: ‘Dynamic modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 MW wind turbine generators’. , GE company, 2003.
-
21)
-
29. IEEE report: ‘Dynamic models for steam and hydro turbines in power system studies’, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., 1973, 92, (6), pp. 1904–1915.
-
22)
-
10. Al. Katsaprakakisa, D., Christakisa, D.G., Zervosb, A., Papantonisb, D., Voutsinasb, S.: ‘Pumped storage systems introduction in isolated power’, J. Renew. Energy, 2008, 33, (3), pp. 467–490 (doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2007.03.021).
-
23)
-
31. Arani, M.F.M., El-Saadany, E.F.: ‘Implementing virtual inertia in DFIG-based wind power generation’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2012, 28, (2), pp. 1373–1384 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2207972).
-
24)
-
12. Ruttledge, L., Miller, N.W., O'Sullivan, J., Flynn, D.: ‘Frequency Response of Power Systems with Variable Speed Wind Turbines’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2012, 3, (4), pp. 683–691 (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2202928).
-
25)
-
L.R. Chang-Chien ,
Y.C. Yin
.
Strategies for operating wind power in a similar manner of conventional power plant.
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.
,
4 ,
926 -
934
-
26)
-
22. Avellan, F.: ‘Storage pumps and reversible pump turbines scientific and technical challenges’. (Renewables grid initiative, Montreaux, 2011).
-
27)
-
11. Iwabuchil, K., Takagi, Y., Konnai, T., et al: ‘Advanced governor controller for pumped-storage power plant and its simulation tool’. SICE-ICASE Int. Joint Conf., Busan, Korea, 2006.
-
28)
-
M. Ceraolo
.
New dynamical models of lead-acid batteries.
IEEE Trans. Power Syst.
,
4 ,
1184 -
1190
-
29)
-
19. Gameza company: ‘Brochure of wind turbine: G-90-2.0 MW’, 2011.
-
30)
-
J.S. Anagnostopoulos ,
D.E. Papantonis
.
Simulation and size optimization of a pumped-storage power plant for the recovery of wind-farms rejected energy.
Renew. Energy
,
7 ,
1685 -
1694
-
31)
-
15. Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and energy: ‘Annual energy and power generation report’, 2010.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0744
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0744
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6