This study proposes a method for detecting voltage-sag sources, using only the measurements of line currents. Instantaneous symmetrical components are introduced for accommodating the transient nature of voltage sag events, where a magnitude and phase change in the instantaneous positive-sequence current is used as a criterion. The proposed method is compared with conventional phasor-based methods known from the literature. All the discussed methods for voltage sag source detection, both the already known and the proposed ones, were evaluated by applying extensive simulations, laboratory tests and field testing. When compared with the phasor-based methods, the proposed method showed faster response, a higher degree of confidence and superior effectiveness, especially for transient voltage sag events in networks with distributed generation and active loads.

References

1. 1)
  - 25. Ahn, S.-J., Won, D.-J., Chung, I.Y., et al: ‘A new approach to determine the direction and cause of voltage sag’, J. Electr. Eng. Technol., 2008, 3, (3), pp. 300–307 (doi: 10.5370/JEET.2008.3.3.300).
2. 2)
  - 16. Petronijevic, M., Veselic, B., Mitrovic, N., Kostic, V., Jeftenic, B.: ‘Comparative study of unsymmetrical voltage sag effects on adjustable speed induction motor drives’, IET Electr. Power Appl., 2011, 5, (5), pp. 432–442 (doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2010.0144).
3. 3)
  - 23. Polajžer, B., Štumberger, G., Seme, S., et al: ‘Detection of voltage sag sources based on instantaneous voltage and current vectors and orthogonal Clarke's transformation’, IET Gener., Transm. Distrib., 2008, 2, (2), pp. 219–226 (doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20070114).
4. 4)
  - T. Tayjasanant , C. Li , W. Xu . A resistance sign-based method for voltage sag source detection. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 4 , 2544 - 2551
5. 5)
  - 42. Hai-yan, D., Qian, G., Qing-quan, J., et al: ‘An algorthithm to locate power-quality disturbance source based on disturbance measures and information fusion theory’. Fourth Int. Conf. Electric. Utility Deregulation Restructure Power Technology, 2011, pp. 589–95.
6. 6)
  - 1. IEEE Stdandard 1159-2009: ‘Recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality’, 2009.
7. 7)
  - 50. El Halabi, N., García, G.M., Martín, A.S., et al: ‘Application of a distance relaying scheme to compensate fault location errors due to fault resistance’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2011, 81, (8), pp. 1681–1687 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2011.04.001).
8. 8)
  - 26. Barrera, V., López, B., Sánchez, J.: ‘Voltage sag source location from extracted rules using subgroup discovery’, Artif. Intell. Res. Dev., 2008, 148, pp. 225–235.
9. 9)
  - 34. Núñez, V.B., Frigola, J.M., Jaramillo, S.H., et al: ‘Evaluation of fault relative location algorithms using voltage sag data collected at 25-kV substations’, Eur. Trans. Electr. Power, 2010, 20, (1), pp. 34–51 (doi: 10.1002/etep.393).
10. 10)
  - 46. Gasquet, C., Witomski, P.: ‘Fourier analysis and applications: filtering, numerical computation, wavelets’ (Springer, NY, 1999).
11. 11)
  - 28. Leborgne, R.C., Karlsson, D.: ‘Voltage sag source location based on voltage measurements only’, Electr. Power Qual. Utilis., 2008, 9, (1), pp. 25–30.
12. 12)
  - 31. Leborgne, R.C., Karlsson, D., Daalder, J.: ‘Voltage sag source location methods performance under symmetrical and asymmetrical fault conditions’. IEEE/PES Transmission Distribution Conf. Expo.: Latin America, 2006, pp. 11–16.
13. 13)
  - 47. Lobos, T., Kozina, T., Koglin, H.-.J.: ‘Power system harmonics estimation using linear least squares method and SVD’, IEE Proc.: Gener., Transm. Distrib., 2001, 148, (6), pp. 567–572.
14. 14)
  - 33. Meléndez, J., Berjaga, X., Herraiz, S., et al: ‘Classification of sags accordnig to their origin based on the waveform similarity’. IEEE/PES Transmission Distribution Conf. Expo.: Latin America, 2008, pp. 796–801.
15. 15)
  - A. Routray , A.K. Pradhan , K. Prahallad Rao . A novel Kalman filter for frequency estimation of distorted signals in power systems. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. , 3 , 469 - 479
16. 16)
  - 49. International Standard IEC 60044-6, Instrument transformers-Part 6: ‘Requirements for protective current transformers for transient performance’, Edition 1.0, 1992.
17. 17)
  - 3. Bollen, M.J.H.: ‘Understanding power quality problems: voltage sags and interruption’ (IEEE Press, NY, 2000).
18. 18)
  - 2. European standard, CENELEC: ‘EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems’, 2007.
19. 19)
  - 43. Kazemi, A., Mohamed, A., Shareef, H.: ‘Tracking the voltage sag location using multivariable regression model’, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng., 2011, 6, (4), pp. 1853–1861.
20. 20)
  - J. Pedra , L. Sáinz , F. Córcoles , L. Guasch . Symmetrical and unsymmetrical voltage sag effects on three-phase transformers. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 2 , 1683 - 1691
21. 21)
  - G.C. Paap . Symmetrical components in the time domain and their application to power network calculations. IEEE Trans. Power Systems , 2 , 522 - 528
22. 22)
  - 21. Shao, Z., Peng, J., Kang, J.: ‘Locating voltage sag source with impedance measurement’. Int. Conf. Power System Technology, 2010.
23. 23)
  - 32. Leborgne, R.C.: ‘Voltage sags: Single event characterisation, system performance and source location’. PhD Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2007.
24. 24)
  - 16. Shareef, H., Mohamed, A., Ibrahim, A.A.: ‘Identification of voltage sag source location using S and TT transformed disturbance power’, J. Centr. South University, 2013, 20, (1), pp. 83–97 (doi: 10.1007/s11771-013-1463-5).
25. 25)
  - 27. Gomez, J., Tourn, D., Felici, M.: ‘A novel methodology to locate originating points of voltage sags in electric power systems’. 18th Int. Conf. on Electric Distribution CIRED, 2005.
26. 26)
  - 36. Núñez, V.B.: ‘Automatic diagnosis of voltage disturbances in power distribution networks’. PhD Thesis, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain, 2012.
27. 27)
  - A.K. Pradhan , A. Routray , S.M. Gudipalli . Fault direction estimation in radial distribution system using phase change in sequence current. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 4 , 2065 - 2071
28. 28)
  - 13. Leborgne, R.C., Makaliki, R.: ‘Voltage sag source location at grid interconnections: a case study in the Zambian system’. PowerTech, IEEE Lausanne, 2007, pp. 1852–1857.
29. 29)
  - 35. Hanzelka, Z., Słupski, P., Piatek, K., et al: ‘Single-point methods for location of distortion, unbalance, voltage fluctuation and dips sources in a power system’. InTech Power Quality: Monit., Analysis Enhancement, 2011.
30. 30)
  - 41. Latheef, A., Negnevitsky, M., Faybisovich, V.: ‘Voltage sag source location identification’. 20th Int. Conf. Electric Distribution CIRED, 2009.
31. 31)
  - 24. Polajžer, B., Štumberger, G., Seme, S., et al: ‘Generalization of methods for voltage-sag source detection using vector-space approach’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2009, 45, (6), pp. 2152–2161 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2009.2031939).
32. 32)
  - A.C. Parsons , W.M. Grady , E.J. Powers , J.C. Soward . A direction finder for power quality disturbances based upon disturbance power and energy. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 3 , 1081 - 1086
33. 33)
  - L. Guasch , F. Córcoles , J. Pedra . Effects of symmetrical and unsymmetrical voltage sags on induction machines. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 2 , 774 - 782
34. 34)
  - 22. Kanokbannakorn, W., Saengsuwan, T., Sirisukprasert, S.: ‘Unbalanced voltage sag source location identification based on superimposed quantities and negative sequence’. Eighth Int. Conf. Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunication Information Technology, 2011, pp. 617–620.
35. 35)
  - 8. Ling, Y., Cai, X.: ‘Rotor current dynamics of doubly fed induction generators during grid voltage dip and rise’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2013, 44, (1), pp. 17–24 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.07.032).
36. 36)
  - N. Hamzah , A. Mohamed , A. Hussain . A new approach to locate the voltage sag source using real current component. Electr. Power Syst. Res. , 2 , 113 - 123
37. 37)
  - 37. Mohamed, A., Shareef, H., Faisal, M.F.: ‘Performance comparison of voltage sag source detection methods for power quality diagnosis’, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng., 2012, 7, (2), pp. 4163–4171.
38. 38)
  - J.V. Milanovic , C.P. Gupta . Probabilistic assessment of financial losses due to interruptions and voltage sags-part I: the methodology. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 2 , 918 - 924
39. 39)
  - G.W. Chang , J.P. Chao , H.M. Huang , C.I. Chen , S.Y. Chu . On tracking the source location of voltage sags and utility shunt capacitor switching transients. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 4 , 2124 - 2131
40. 40)
  - C. Li , T. Tayjasanant , W. Xu , X. Liu . Method for voltage-sag-source detection by investigating slope of the system trajectory. IEE Proc., Gener., Transm. Distrib. , 3 , 367 - 372
41. 41)
  - J.V. Milanovic , C.P. Gupta . Probabilistic assessment of financial losses caused by interruptions and voltage sags: part II – practical implementation. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 2 , 925 - 932
42. 42)
  - 15. Faisal, M.F., Mohamed, A., Shareef, H.: ‘A novel voltage sag source detection method using TRF technique’, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng., 2010, 5, (5), pp. 2301–2309.
43. 43)
  - 19. Honrubia-Escribano, A., Gómez-Lázaro, E., Molina-García, A., Fuentes, J.: ‘Influence of voltage dips on industrial equipment: Analysis and assessment’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2012, 41, (1), pp. 87–95 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.03.018).
44. 44)
  - 40. Liao, H.: ‘Voltage sag source location in high-voltage power transmission networks’. IEEE/PES Conversion Delivery Electric Energy 21st Century, 2008.
45. 45)
  - 14. Kong, W., Dong, X., Chen, Z.: ‘Voltage sag source location based on instantaneous energy detection’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2008, 78, (11), pp. 1889–1898 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2008.03.016).
46. 46)
  - 44. Weng, G.Q., Zhang, Y.B., He, H.B.: ‘Novel location algorithm for power quality disturbance source using chain table and matrix operation’, Int. Rev. Electr. Eng., 2011, 6, (6), pp. 2746–2753.
47. 47)
  - 9. Pedra, J., Sáinz, L., Córcoles, F., et al: ‘Effects of balanced and unbalanced voltage sags on DC adjustable-speed drives’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2008, 78, (6), pp. 957–966 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2007.07.007).
48. 48)
  - A.H. Pradhan , A. Routray . Applying distance relay for voltage sag source detection. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 1 , 529 - 531
49. 49)
  - 38. Won, D.-J., Chung, I.-Y., Kim, J.-M., et al: ‘A new algorithm to locate power-quality event source with improved realization of distributed monitoring scheme’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2006, 21, (3), pp. 1641–1647 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.858810).
50. 50)
  - 30. Moradi, M.H., Mohammadi, Y.: ‘Voltage sag source location: A review with introduction of a new method’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2012, 43, (1), pp. 29–39 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.041).

Instantaneous positive-sequence current applied for detecting voltage sag sources

References

Related content