© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
This study presents an analytical approach for finding the possible impacts of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices such as unified power flow controller (UPFC) and off-shore wind penetration on distance relay characteristics. Generating relay tripping characteristics is one of the challenging issues for transmission line distance relays as the present day transmission systems is subjected to a more stressed environment with respect to power system operation. Moreover, inclusion of FACTS devices such as UPFC in the transmission system seriously impacts the performance of the distance relays as the apparent impedance changes. Furthermore, the reach setting of the relay is significantly affected as the relay end voltage fluctuates continuously when off-shore wind-farms are connected to power transmission systems. Thus, generating tripping characteristics for appropriate operating conditions is a demanding concern and the same has been addressed in the proposed research work. Extensive testing is carried out in generating relay tripping characteristics with possible variations under the operating conditions of UPFC and wind-farm and it is observed that the characteristics are significantly affected for different operating conditions. Furthermore, the performance of the derived relay characteristics is validated on possible transmission line fault events and is found to work effectively.
References
-
-
1)
-
P.K. Dash ,
A.K. Pradhan ,
G. Panda ,
A.C. Liew
.
Adaptive relay setting for flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS).
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.
,
1 ,
38 -
43
-
2)
-
S.M. Brahma ,
A.A. Girgis
.
Development of adaptive protection scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation.
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.
,
1 ,
56 -
63
-
3)
-
13. Jang, S.I., Choi, J.H., Kim, J.W., Choi, D.M.: ‘An adaptive relaying for the protection of a wind farm interconnected with distribution networks’. Proc. IEEE PES Transmission Distribution Conf. Exposition, 7–12 September 2003, vol. 1, pp. 296–302.
-
4)
-
15. Paudyal, S., Ramakrishna, G., Sachdev, M.S.: ‘Application of equal area criterion conditions in the time domain for out-of-step protection’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2010, 25, (4), pp. 600–609 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2032326).
-
5)
-
L. Gyugyi ,
C.D. Schauder ,
S.L. Williams ,
T.R. Rietman ,
D.R. Torgerson ,
A. Edris
.
The unified power flow controller: a new approach to power transmission control.
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.
,
2 ,
1085 -
1097
-
6)
-
2. Song, Y.H., Johns, A.T.: ‘Flexible AC transmission systems’ (IEEE Press, New York, 1999).
-
7)
-
8. Albasri, F.A., Sidhu, T.S., Verma, R.K.: ‘Performance comparison of distance protection schemes for shunt-FACTS compensated transmission lines’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (4), pp. 2116–2125 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.900283).
-
8)
-
5. Adams, J.: ‘Impact of high penetration of wind on power system operations’. IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, PES'09, 2009.
-
9)
-
6. Pradhan, A.K., Joos, G: ‘Adaptive distance relay setting for lines connecting wind farms’, IEE Trans. Energy Conver., 2007, 22, (1), pp. 206–213 (doi: 10.1109/TEC.2006.889621).
-
10)
-
11. Samantaray, S.R.: ‘Decision tree-based fault zone identification and fault classification in flexible AC transmissions-based transmission line’. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2009, 3, (5), pp. 425–436.
-
11)
-
12. Seethalekshmi, K., Singh, S.N., Srivastava, S.C.: ‘Synchrophasor assisted adaptive reach setting of distance relays in presence of UPFC’, IEEE Syst. J., 2011, 5, (3), pp. 396–405 (doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2011.2158694).
-
12)
-
18. Moravej, Z., Pazoki, M., Khederzadeh, M.: ‘Impact of UPFC on power swing characteristic and distance relay behavior’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2014, 29, (1), pp. 261–268 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2270408).
-
13)
-
4. Working Group B5.15 no. 359, , October 2008.
-
14)
-
1. Hingorani, N.G., Gyugyi, L.: ‘Understanding FACTS concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems’ (IEEE Press, New York, 2000).
-
15)
-
16. Rao, G., Pradhan, A.K.: ‘Differential power based symmetrical fault detection during power swing’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2012, 27, (3), pp. 1557–1564 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2196527).
-
16)
-
17. Dubey, R., Samantaray, S.R.: ‘Wavelet singular entropy-based symmetrical fault-detection and out-of-step protection during power swing’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2013, 7, (10), pp. 1123–1134 (doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0528).
-
17)
-
X. Zhou ,
H. Wang ,
R.K. Aggarwal ,
P. Beaumont
.
Performance of evaluation of a distance relay as applied to a transmission system with UPFC.
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.
,
3 ,
1137 -
1147
-
18)
-
10. Khederzadeh, M.: ‘UPFC operating characteristics impact on transmission line distance protection’. Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, July 2008, pp. 1–6.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6