Frequency instability, voltage instability or a combination of both have been the cause of several power system breakdowns throughout the world in the recent decades. Occurrence of a super-component contingency (SCC) that refers to multiple and simultaneous outages of grid facilities like a power plant or substation may lead to blackout if no remedial action schemes (RAS) are implemented. This study proposes a new event-based RAS to overcome the frequency and voltage instabilities caused by SCCs through optimal load shedding. To do this, a new multi-objective framework is presented simultaneously optimising the competing objective functions of long-term voltage stability margin, steady-state frequency deviation, maximum transient frequency deviation and load shed amount. A modified system frequency response model is also proposed for frequency stability assessment. Multi-objective decision making (MODM) is performed using a combination of analytical hierarchy process, modified augmented ε-constraint method and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution. The effectiveness of both the proposed model and MODM solution approach is extensively illustrated on a simulated model of Iran's power system in 2012.

References

1. 1)
  - 2. Khaitan, S., McCalley, D.: ‘System topology based identification of high risk N-k contingencies’. Iowa State University, May 2006.
2. 2)
  - 6. Karlsson, D.H. (Convener): ‘System protection schemes in power networks’, Final report of CIGRE task force, 38.02.19, June 2001.
3. 3)
  - 40. PJM Manual 01. Control Center and Data Exchange Requirements. Revision: 17, PJM 2010.
4. 4)
  - 18. Larsson, M., Rehtanz, C.: ‘Predictive frequency stability control based on wide-area phasor measurements’. Proc. 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Chicago, USA, July 2002, vol. 1, pp. 233–238.
5. 5)
  - 24. Savulescu, S.C.: ‘Real-time stability assessment in modern power system control centers’ (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2009).
6. 6)
  - U. Rudez , R. Mihalic . Analysis of underfrequency load shedding using a frequency gradient. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.
7. 7)
  - T. Inoue , Y. Ikeguchi , K. Yoshida . Estimation of power system inertia constant and capacity of spinning reserve support generators using measured frequency transients. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 1 , 136 - 143
8. 8)
  - 6. Anderson, P.M., Mirheydar, M.: ‘An adaptive method for setting underfrequency load shedding relays’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1992, 7, (2), pp. 647–655 (doi: 10.1109/59.141770).
9. 9)
  - M. Sanaye-Pasand , H. Seyedi . Centralized adaptive load shedding methods to enhance power system voltage stability margins. IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng. , 6 , 669 - 679
10. 10)
  - V.C. Nikolaidis , C.D. Vournas . Design strategies for load-shedding schemes against voltage collapse in the Hellenic system. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 2 , 582 - 591
11. 11)
  - 34. Saaty, T.L.: ‘Fundamental of decision making and priority theory with the analytic hierarchy process’ (RWS, Pittsburg, 1994).
12. 12)
  - 36. Han, S.P.: ‘A globally convergent method for nonlinear programming’, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 1977, 22, p. 297 (doi: 10.1007/BF00932858).
13. 13)
  - C. Concordia , L.H. Fink , G. Poullikkas . Load shedding on an isolated system. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 3 , 1467 - 1472
14. 14)
  - 7. Van Cutsem, T., Vournas, C.D.: ‘Emergency voltage stability controls: an overview’. Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, pp. 1–10.
15. 15)
  - 37. Gilly, P., Wong, E.: ‘Sequential quadratic programming methods’. Technical Report, NA-10-03, UCSD Department of Mathematics, August 2010.
16. 16)
  - V.V. Terzija . Adaptive underfrequency load shedding based on the magnitude of the disturbance estimation. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 3 , 1260 - 1266
17. 17)
  - 38. PSS/E Model Library, Siemens Power Technologies International. Available at http://www.siemens.com/power-technologies.
18. 18)
  - 34. Mavrotas, G.: ‘Effective implementation of the ɛ-constraint method in multi-objective mathematical programming problems’, Appl. Math. Comput., 2009, 213, (2), pp. 455–465 (doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2009.03.037).
19. 19)
  - H. Seyedi , M. Sanaye-Pasand . Design of new load shedding special protection schemes for a double area power system. Am. J. Appl. Sci. , 2 , 317 - 327
20. 20)
  - 15. U.S.–Canada Power System Outage Task Force: ‘Final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada: causes and recommendations’, April 2004, Available at http://www.pserc.wisc.edu/Resources.htm#Resources_NENA.htm.
21. 21)
  - 4. Year-in-Review: ‘2011 Energy Infrastructure Events and Expansions’. Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability U.S. Department of Energy.
22. 22)
  - 23. Anderson, P.: ‘Power system protection’ (Wiley-IEEE Press, 1999).
23. 23)
  - 19. Li, A., Cai, Z.: ‘A method for frequency dynamics analysis and load shedding assessment based on the trajectory of power system simulation’. Proc. Third Int. Conf. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, Nanjuing, China, April 2008, pp. 1335–1339.
24. 24)
  - P.M. Anderson , M. Mirheydar . A low-order system frequency response model. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 3 , 720 - 729
25. 25)
  - 32. Voltage stability assessment: ‘concepts, practices and tools’ (IEEE/PES Power system stability subcommittee IEEE Press, 2002).
26. 26)
  - 31. Kundur, P.: ‘Power system stability and control’ (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994).
27. 27)
  - 17. Amraee, T., Ranjbar, A.M., Feuillet, R., Mozafari, B.: ‘System protection scheme for mitigation of cascaded voltage collapses’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2009, 3, (3), pp. 242–256 (doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd:20080313).
28. 28)
  - 1. Amjady, N., Esmaili, M.: ‘Application of a new sensitivity analysis framework for voltage contingency ranking’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 20, (2), pp. 973–983 (doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.846088).
29. 29)
  - 11. Amraee, T., Ranjbar, A.M., Mozafari, B., Sadati, N.: ‘An enhanced under-voltage load-shedding scheme to provide voltage stability’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2007, 77, (8), pp. 1038–1046 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2006.09.005).
30. 30)
  - 12. Amraee, T., Ranjbar, A.M.: ‘Adaptive under-voltage load shedding scheme using model predictive control’. Electric Power System Research, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2011.03.006.
31. 31)
  - 5. Daily reports of Iran electrical grid incidents. Available at http://www.igmc.ir.
32. 32)
  - 33. Hwang, C.L., Yoon, K.: ‘Multiple attribute decision making methods and applications’ (Springer-Verlag, 1981).
33. 33)
  - 9. Ghaleh, A.P., Sanaye-Pasand, M., Saffarian, A.: ‘Power system stability enhancement using a new combinational load-shedding algorithm’, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. J., 2011, 5, (5), pp. 551–560 (doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2010.0626).
34. 34)
  - 30. Alizadeh, M., Amraee, T.: ‘Adaptive scheme for local prediction of post-contingency power system frequency’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2014, 107, pp. 240–249 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2013.10.014).
35. 35)
  - 14. Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity: ‘Final report of the investigation committee on the 28 September 2003 blackout in Italy’, April 2004, Available at http://www.entsoe.eu/index.php?id=59.
36. 36)
  - 35. Mathworks Documentation Center. Available at http://www.mathworks.co.uk/help/optim/ug/fmincon.html.
37. 37)
  - 39. Power flow data of Iran's power system. Available at www.igmc.ir, http://igmc.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=477&EntryId=282462.
38. 38)
  - D. Lee Hau Aik . A general-order system frequency response model incorporating load shedding: analytic modeling and applications. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 2 , 709 - 717
39. 39)
  - 3. Caro, M.A., Rios, M.A.: ‘Super-components contingencies for severity analysis of power systems’. Transmission and Distribution Conf., Latin America, 2008IEEE/PES.
40. 40)
  - C.W. Taylor . Concepts of undervoltage load shedding for voltage stability. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 2 , 480 - 488

Event-based remedial action scheme against super-component contingencies to avert frequency and voltage instabilities

References

Related content