access icon free 3DEOR: an opportunity routing protocol using evidence theory appropriate for 3D urban environments in VANETs

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Received 13/05/2020, Accepted 08/12/2020, Revised 14/10/2020, Published 08/01/2021

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a promising technology to improve the comfort and safety of passengers, roads and urban traffic. Applications applied to VANETs require efficient routing protocols. Urban environments include tunnels, subways, overpasses, and multilevel highways, which indicate the multilevel information environment and specific conditions of radio channel dissemination. In this paper proposed a three-dimensional (3D) evidence theory based, opportunistic routing protocol, called 3DEOR, which address the above issues using a new hybrid criterion called PAL. The PAL criterion includes three metrics of packet delivery probability to compensate for unreliable dissemination environments, packet advancement appropriated to 3D environments to reduce the number of hop counts and level to improve link connectivity. Prioritise the relay set members based on the new criteria to select the best relay node. In cases where there is no certainty, the evidence theory can be a good choice for combining the three metrics of the PAL criterion. The simulation results show the superiority of the proposed protocol over the 3D link state aware geographic opportunistic (3DLSGO) and 3D greedy perimeter stateless routing (3DGPSR) protocols in network performance indices such as packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay and average hop count.

Inspec keywords: relay networks (telecommunication); information dissemination; routing protocols; probability; vehicular ad hoc networks

Other keywords: vehicular ad hoc network; opportunity routing protocol; VANET; evidence theory; urban traffic; packet advancement; three-dimensional opportunistic routing protocol; end-to-end delay; information dissemination environment; radio channel dissemination; PAL criterion; network performance indices; unreliable dissemination environments; relay set members; 3DEOR protocol; actual dissemination environment; multilevel information environment; link connectivity; packet delivery probability; packet routing protocol; 3DLSGO; 3DGPSR protocols; packet delivery rate; multilevel highways; flat environments; urban environments

Subjects: Mobile radio systems; Protocols; Communication network design, planning and routing; Other topics in statistics

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