Research on underwater acoustic sensor networks has become a compelling field in recent years since resources on land are being depleted. Therefore, robust and efficient routing protocols are needed to ensure the reliability of message gathering and transmitting in underwater sensor networks. In the process of biological foraging in nature, creatures such as insects can find paths while adapting to dynamic environmental conditions through group cooperation, which provides a new perspective for research on routing protocols. In this study, the authors proposed an ant colony algorithm-based routing protocol (ACAR). In ACAR, the pheromone with a novel physical meaning and concentration changing mechanism is utilised to guide ants (path establishing packets) to the sink node. In addition, node depth information is used to decrease redundancy in the underwater environment. The routing process can be summarised in three parts: pheromone list setup, routing decision and damaged path repair. Simulation results, carried out on an underwater simulator based on NS-2, showed that ACAR outperforms other schemes with regards to network lifetime with a relatively better delivery ratio and latency in the proposed network scenarios.

References

1. 1)
  - 17. Basagni, S., Petrioli, C., Petroccia, R., et al: ‘CARP: a channel-aware routing protocol for underwater acoustic wireless networks’, Ad Hoc Netw., 2015, 34, pp. 92–104.
2. 2)
  - 10. Nicolaou, N., See, A., Xie, P., et al: ‘Improving the robustness of location-based routing for underwater sensor networks’. OCEANS 2007 - Europe, Aberdeen, UK, 2007, pp. 1–6.
3. 3)
  - 1. Han, G., Jiang, J., Na, B., et al: ‘Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks’, IEEE Commun. Mag., 2015, 53, (11), pp. 72–78.
4. 4)
  - 6. Ghoreyshi, S.M., Shahrabi, A., Boutaleb, T.: ‘Void-handling techniques for routing protocols in underwater sensor networks: survey and challenges’, IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., 2017, 19, (2), pp. 800–827.
5. 5)
  - 23. Qiuli, C., Wei, X., Fei, D., et al: ‘A reliable routing protocol against hotspots and burst for UASN-based fog systems’, J. Ambient Intell. Hum. Comput., 2019, 10, (8), pp. 3109–3121.
6. 6)
  - 21. Nadeem, J., Muhammad, Arshad S., Wadood, A., et al: ‘Cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing for underwater wireless sensor networks’, Sensors, 2017, 17, (3), p. 629.
7. 7)
  - 14. Sivakumar, V., Rekha, D.: ‘A QoS-aware energy-efficient memetic flower pollination routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor network’, Concurrency Comput., Pract. Exp., 2020, 32, (4), p. e5166.
8. 8)
  - 22. Wan, L., Zhou, H., Xu, X., et al: ‘Adaptive modulation and coding for underwater acoustic OFDM’, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 2015, 40, (2), pp. 327–336.
9. 9)
  - 8. Islam, T., Lee, Y.K.: ‘A comprehensive survey of recent routing protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks’, Sensors, 2019, 19, (19), p. 4256.
10. 10)
  - 16. Khasawneh, A., Latiff, M.S.B.A., Kaiwartya, O., et al: ‘A reliable energy-efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network’, Wirel. Netw., 2017, 24, (6), pp. 2061–2075.
11. 11)
  - 25. Farr, N., Bowen, A., Ware, J., et al: ‘An integrated, underwater optical acoustic communications system’. OCEANS'10 IEEE SYDNEY, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2010, pp. 1–6.
12. 12)
  - 15. Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., Cui, J.: ‘DBR: depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks’, Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., 2008, 4982, pp. 72–86.
13. 13)
  - 9. Xie, P., Cui, J., Lao, L.: ‘VBF: vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks’. Int. Conf. on Research in Networking, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 1216–1221.
14. 14)
  - 11. Yu, H., Yao, N., Liu, J.: ‘An adaptive routing protocol in underwater sparse acoustic sensor networks’, Ad Hoc Netw., 2015, 34, (NOV.), pp. 121–143.
15. 15)
  - 24. Liu, J., Guan, W., Han, G., et al: ‘A dynamic surface gateway placement scheme for mobile underwater networks’, Sensors, 2019, 19, (9), p. 1993.
16. 16)
  - 5. Coutinho, R.W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L., et al: ‘Geographic and opportunistic routing for underwater sensor networks’, IEEE Trans. Comput., 2016, 65, (2), pp. 548–561.
17. 17)
  - 20. Misra, S., Dhurandher, S.K., Obaidat, M.S., et al: ‘An ant swarm-inspired energy-aware routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks’, J. Syst. Softw., 2010, 83, (11), pp. 2188–2199.
18. 18)
  - 13. Liu, L., Ma, M., Liu, C., et al: ‘Optimal relay node placement and flow allocation in underwater acoustic sensor networks’, IEEE Trans. Commun., 2017, 65, (5), pp. 2141–2152.
19. 19)
  - 4. Bouabdallah, F., Zidi, C., Boutaba, R.: ‘Joint routing and energy management in underwater acoustic sensor networks’, IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage., 2017, 14, (2), pp. 456–471.
20. 20)
  - 12. Wang, H., Wang, S., Bu, R., et al: ‘A novel cross-layer routing protocol based on network coding for underwater sensor networks’, Sensors, 2017, 17, (8), p. 1821.
21. 21)
  - 2. Goyal, N., Dave, M., Verma, A.K.: ‘Protocol stack of underwater wireless sensor network: classical approaches and new trends’, Wirel. Pers. Commun., 2019, 104, (3), pp. 995–1022.
22. 22)
  - 3. Guan, Q., Ji, F., Liu, Y., et al: ‘Distance-vector-based opportunistic routing for underwater acoustic sensor networks’, IEEE Internet Things J., 2019, 6, (2), pp. 3831–3839.
23. 23)
  - 7. Dorigo, M., Birattari, M., Stützle, T.: ‘Ant colony optimization’ (MIT Press, United States, 2004).
24. 24)
  - 19. Caro, G.D., Ducatelle, F., Gambardella, L.M.: ‘Anthocnet: an adaptive nature inspired algorithm for routing in mobile ad hoc networks’, Eur. Trans. Telecommun., 2012, 16, (5), pp. 443–455.
25. 25)
  - 18. Zhou, Z., Yao, B., Xing, R., et al: ‘E-CARP: an energy efficient routing protocol for UWSNs in the internet of underwater things’, IEEE Sens. J., 2016, 16, (11), pp. 4072–4082.

ACAR: an ant colony algorithm-based routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor network

References

Related content