© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
The successful use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) devices on board space applications requires the use of fault mitigation methods because of the effects of space radiation in microelectronics devices. This study describes a scheme for the random injection of single event transients/upsets to evaluate the viability of employing COTS field programmable gate array for an onboard, low-complexity, remote-sensing image data compressor. The fault injection features are added to the application to be tested by modifying its hardware description language source code. Then the tests are executed by simulation, with or without the inclusion of fault mitigation methods, so that comparative evaluations can be quickly obtained. The evaluation results (robustness enhancement against area) of different fault mitigation methods are presented, with good estimates of the behaviour of the hardware implementation of the application in a space radiation environment.
References
-
-
1)
-
D. Gil ,
J. Gracia ,
J.C. Baraza ,
P.J. Gil
.
Study, comparison and application of different VHDL-based fault injection techniques for the experimental validation of a fault-tolerant system.
Microelectron. J.
,
1 ,
41 -
51
-
2)
-
Lima, F., Rezgui, S., Carro, L., Velazco, R., Reis, R.: `On the use of VHDL simulation and emulation to derive error rates', Proc. Radiation Effects on Components and Systems Conf. (RADECS), September 2001, Grenoble, France, p. 253–260.
-
3)
-
Alderighi, M., Casini, F., D'Angelo, S.: `Robustness analysis of soft error accumulation in SRAM-FPGAs using FLIPPER and STAR/RoRA', Proc. RADECS 2008 Workshop, Sep 2008, Finland, p. 157–161.
-
4)
-
Baraza, J.C., Gracia, J., Gil, D., Gil, P.J.: `Improvement of fault injection techniques based on VHDL code modification', Proc. Tenth IEEE Int. High-Level Design Validation and Test Workshop, November/December 2005, Napa Valley, CA, USA, p. 19–26.
-
5)
-
P.E. Dodd ,
M.R. Shaneyfelt ,
J.A. Felix ,
J.R. Schwank
.
Production and propagation of single-event transients in high-speed digital logic ICs.
IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
,
6 ,
3278 -
3284
-
6)
-
Habinc, S.: `Suitability of reprogrammable FPGAs in space applications', FPGA-002–01, Version 0.4, Gaisler Research Feasibility Report, 2002.
-
7)
-
Lopes Filho, A., d'Amore, R.: `A low complexity image compression solution for onboard space applications', Proc. 23rd Symp. on Integrated Circuits and System Design, September 2010, S. Paulo, Brazil, p. 174–179.
-
8)
-
Altera Corporation: ‘Enhancing robust SEU mitigation with 28-nm FPGAs’. White Paper, WP-01135–1.0, 2010.
-
9)
-
Habinc, S.: `Lessons learned from FPGA developments', FPGA-001–01, Version 0.0, Gaisler Research Technical, 2002.
-
10)
-
P. Behrooz
.
(2000)
Fault-tolerant arithmetic, Computer arithmetic: algorithms and hardware designs.
-
11)
-
M.J. Weinberg ,
G. Seroussi ,
G. Sapiro
.
The LOCO-I lossless image compression algorithm: principles and standardization into JPEG-LS.
IEEE Trans. Image Process.
,
8 ,
1309 -
1324
-
12)
-
L. Entrena ,
M. García-Valderas ,
R. Fernández-Cardenal ,
A. Lindoso ,
M. Portela ,
C. López-Ongil
.
Soft error sensitivity evaluation of microprocessors by multilevel emulation-based fault injection.
IEEE Trans. Comput.
,
3 ,
313 -
322
-
13)
-
M. Santarini
.
Tools of Xcellence.
Xcell J.
,
62 -
63
-
14)
-
NASA: ‘Space radiation effects on electronic components in low-earth orbit’. NASA Preferred Reliability Practices, PRACTICE NO. PD-ED-1258, 1996.
-
15)
-
Foucard, G.: `Taux d'erreurs dues aux radiations pour des applications implémentées dans des FPGAs à base de mémoire SRAM: prédiction versus mesures', 2010, Thesis (Docteur Micro et Nano Electronique), Université de Grenoble délivré par l'Institut polytechnique de Grenoble.
-
16)
-
Stettler, M., Caffrey, M., Graham, P., Krone, J.: `Radiation effects and mitigation strategies for modern FPGA', Proc. 10th Workshop on Electronics for LHC Future Experiments, September 2004, Boston, p. 112–116.
-
17)
-
Kastensmidt, F.L.: `SEE mitigation strategies for digital circuit design applicable to ASIC and FPGAs', IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conf. Short Course, July 2007, Hawaii.
-
18)
-
J. Wall ,
N. Sinnadurai
.
The past, present and future of EEE components for space applications: COTS – the next generation.
Microelectron. Int.
,
3 ,
7 -
16
-
19)
-
Xilinx Inc.: ‘TMRTool’ Product Brief, 2009. Available at http://www.xilinx.com/publications/prod_mktg/XTMRTool_ssht.pdf, accessed September 2010.
-
20)
-
Actel Corporation: ‘RTSX-SU RadTolerant FPGAs (UMC)’. Data Sheet, Revision 6, 2010. Available at http://www.actel.com/documents/RTSXSU_DS.pdf, accessed September 2010.
-
21)
-
R.H. Maurer ,
M.E. Fraeman ,
M.N. Martin ,
D.R. Roth
.
Harsh environments: space radiation environment, effects and mitigation.
Johns Hopkings APL Tech. Dig.
,
1 ,
17 -
29
-
22)
-
Seward, S.R., Lala, P.K.: `Fault injection for verifying testability at the VHDL level', Proc. Int. Test Conf., 2003, Charlotte, NC, USA, 1, p. 131–137.
-
23)
-
Shafik, R., Rosinger, P., Al-Hashimi, B.: `System C-based minimum intrusive fault injection technique with improved fault representation', Proc. Int. On-line Test Symposium (IOLTS), July 2008, Rhodes, Greece, p. 99–104.
-
24)
-
ISO/IEC 14495–1:1999: ‘Information technology – lossless and near-lossless coding of continuous tone still images: baseline’. JPEG-LS standard part-1, 1999.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-cdt.2011.0056
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-cdt.2011.0056
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6