Whilst all key elements of carbon capture and storage (CCS) have been demonstrated in the laboratory or at small scale operation, the key challenge for the industry is to demonstrate the entire chain at commercial scale. This means incorporating CO₂ capture from large sources, CO₂ compression, and transportation and injection into suitable storage sites or for a use that results in permanent emissions abatement. The use of coal is set to grow over the next decade and, despite concerns over its environmental credentials, the introduction of carbon capture and storage technologies is of utmost importance.