© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
In this Letter, a wavelet packet energy-based algorithm is proposed to classify surface and non-surface slits through the pulsed alternating current field measurement technique. Wavelet packet decomposition is used to obtain the coefficient of each frequency band. The slit is classified as non-surface slit or surface slit according to the normalised energy of the first band. The quantification of the remaining ligament or depth of slits is performed using the entropy of the wavelet packet energy. The experiment results show that the non-surface and surface slits can be clearly classified. The entropy of a non-surface slit is linearly proportional to the remaining ligament, and the entropy of a surface slit is inversely proportional to slit depth.
References
-
-
1)
-
2. Mirshekar-Syahkal, D., Mostafavi, R.F.: ‘Analysis technique for interaction of high-frequency rhombic inducer field with cracks in metals’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1997, 33, (3), pp. 2291–2298 (doi: 10.1109/20.573845).
-
2)
-
4. Li, W., Chen, G., Yin, X., et al: ‘A feed-through ACFM probe with sensor array for pipe string cracks inspection’, NDT & E Int., 2014, 67, pp. 17–23 (doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.06.006).
-
3)
-
6. Papaelias, M.P., Lugg, M.C., Roberts, C., et al: ‘High-speed inspection of rails using ACFM techniques’, NDT & E Int., 2009, 42, (4), pp. 328–335 (doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.12.008).
-
4)
-
8. He, Y., Luo, F., Pan, M., et al: ‘Defect classification based on rectangular pulsed eddy current sensor in different directions’, Sens. Actuators A, Phys., 2010, 157, (1), pp. 26–31 (doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2009.11.012).
-
5)
-
5. Ge, J., Li, W., Chen, G., et al: ‘Analysis of signals for inclined crack detection through alternating current field measurement with a U-shaped probe’, Insight, Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit., 2017, 59, (3), pp. 121–128 (doi: 10.1784/insi.2017.59.3.121).
-
6)
-
9. Liu, Z., Cui, Y., Li, W.: ‘Combined power quality disturbances recognition using wavelet packet entropies and S-transform’, Entropy, 2015, 17, (8), pp. 5811–5828 (doi: 10.3390/e17085811).
-
7)
-
1. Lewis, A.M., Michael, D.H., Lugg, M.C., et al: ‘Thin-skin electromagnetic fields around surface-breaking cracks in metals’, J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 64, (8), pp. 3777–3784 (doi: 10.1063/1.341384).
-
8)
-
7. Mostafavi, R.F., Mirshekar-Syahkal, D.: ‘AC fields around short cracks in metals induced by rectangular coils’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1999, 35, (3), pp. 2001–2006 (doi: 10.1109/20.764900).
-
9)
-
3. Li, W., Chen, G., Ge, J., et al: ‘High sensitivity rotating alternating current field measurement for arbitrary-angle underwater cracks’, NDT & E Int., 2016, 79, pp. 123–131 (doi: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.01.003).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/el.2020.1574
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/el.2020.1574
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6