This presentation ‘Accelerating to Net Zero: Redefining Energy and Mobility; Elia Group’s Vision on E-Mobility’ consists of 10 PowerPoint slides as pdfs.

Electrification of road transport plays a key role in the IEA’s energy sector roadmap to net zero by 2050. Charging strategies deriving from tariff incentives and supported by technology (such as time-of-use tariffs, smart charging, V2G) have the potential to ease the EV grid integration. The IEA assessed, globally and in the major EV markets, how much charging can be shifted away from peak load through these strategies and what equivalent volume of batteries can be mobilised to deliver grid services.

When converting bus fleets from fossil-fuelled to emission-free drives, transport companies have to face major challenges in optimum system design. One approach for bridging the gap so far is using auxiliary fossil-fuelled heating in electric buses in order to increase the available range to the required minimum. However, this can only be a short-term solution on the way to emission-free transport systems until batteries provide enough range even with electric heating. This paper provides a modelling and evaluation approach to compare several batteryelectric bus systems with either fossil-fuelled or electric heating with regard to vehicle demand, costs and CO₂ emissions. For this purpose vehicles, required infrastructure, bus operation and fuel or electricity consumption are modelled for costs and emissions respectively. The use of data derived from several years of bus operation with different propulsion systems and batteryelectric buses, in particular, allows results with a certain validity to be optained, although assumptions were still made in both cost and emission analyses. It is shown that in some cases, a shift to electric heating can be accomplished without additional vehicle demand, only a few percent of additional costs and a significant reduction of emissions. But depending on the vehicle and battery type, the additional emissions for increased vehicle demand sometimes almost overcompensate the emissions saved from heating and hence, overall savings are very small. This paper discusses the dependencies and interactions between the gains and losses when shifting to electric heating and throws a spotlight on the critical questions that need to be investigated and answered before making such a decision. Another finding is that emission-free bus systems with electric heating are only economical compared to diesel buses at a price of about 800 to 1,200 euros per ton CO₂. The current CO₂ price for consumers and industry in Germany in 2021 is 25 euros per ton. Thus, CO₂ pricing needs to be changed radically in order to give economic incentives for a transition to emission-free bus systems.

Vehicle to grid (V2G) enables active participation of electric vehicles in the energy system and thus can bring advantages for electricity grid operation and renewable integration. For this technological innovation to be adopted by a great majority a high user involvement in V2G is required. Thus, limitations need to be considered, such as the security range, which gains relevance in the context of V2G, since this range must not be undercut during the charging and discharging process. In this paper we investigate the desired security range in the light of user experience and the place of living. Results indicate, that security range requirements are high, independent of user experience and the place of living.

Based on a sustainable development scenario with a 30% Electric Vehicle (EV) market share by 2030 the International Energy Agency projects a rise of grid challenges. In parallel, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) is evolving to answer these growing needs. Efforts toward its standardization and association with smart charging strategies are being made to support grid integration while minimizing costs. Still, specific testing of EVSE technologies has yet to be established. Here, we model the digital twin of an EV and build a comprehensive Power Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) test bench. Used for EVSE conformity validation, this testing setup contributes as well to grid stability evaluation. First, we developed an EV model enabling uni- and bi-directional scenarios. Then, we built a comprehensive PHIL setup integrating our EV model, a 22kW charging unit with a Type-2 connector, and a load emulator. Using this setup, automated procedures are established to test the charging station functionalities. Communication protocol and main mechanisms, such as defined in IEC 61851-1, are evaluated based on proposed key performance indicators. Furthermore, grid integration simulation is carried out to benchmark EV charging control strategies using a low voltage grid with representative loads as well as sources such as household loads, Photovoltaics (PV), and EVs. Regulating local bus voltages, control schemes with different access levels to grid status are designed and evaluated. We found that increased information access leads to reduced voltage deviations at the buses as well as improved power loss mitigation.

The electrification of the mobility sector is of major importance on the way to a carbon-free society. However, delivering the charging power for the increasing number of electric vehicles may create considerable strain for the supply grid. On the other hand, the long parking hours of an average vehicle facilitate the use of smart charging algorithms, which in the future might even provide an operating reserve for the electrical grid. Therefore, a well thought-out approach to private and public charging stations will assure the success of the coupling between the sectors of electricity and mobility.

We present a multiagent system, which allocates balanced charging power to satisfy simulated charging requests from a set of charging stations sharing one grid connection point with limited power input. The multiagent system with a time-discretisation of one minute is based on the python osbrain module. The merit function includes the target of meeting all charging demands in the given time and the goal of distributing the power consumption as uniformly over time as possible. A variable set of parameters allows to probe the range between focussing on fulfilment of charging requests and supplying maximum flexibility to the local grid. Additionally, the performance of the multiagent system is discussed in the context of scalability and efficiency of the algorithm.

Higher loads through the increasing spread of electric vehicles and according charging points as well as heat pumps will put the distribution grid under pressure in the near future. Volatile supply from growing PV generation makes it even harder to guarantee secure grid operation. The provision and use of flexibility, i.e. opportunities to decrease and increase loads and generation at certain times, is one way to stabilise the distribution grid operation.

In the work presented here, we propose a flexibility plat-form where flexibilities at the prosumer side are matched against potential flexibility needs of the grid operator. In case of a match the service providing prosumers are remunerated by the grid operator. Simulation results indicate that resulting costs depend on the configuration of the home energy man-agement systems and prosumer behaviour.

In the course of the energy transition, both the energy sector and the logistics industry are facing radical changes. Providing renewable energy is subject to natural fluctuations, which leads to continuous over- and undersupply. Besides, the insufficiency of clarity concerning the requirements of renewable energy as well as the extent of charging networks poses a tremendous problem. Especially in terms of mobility, many questions remain unaddressed. Despite the immense benefits of electrification within the industrial freight transport, companies have serious concerns about converting their fleets. The lack of transparency regarding the current status of charging infrastructure as well as its possibilities to expand, causes the inadequate acceptance of electric mobility in multimodal logistic chains. In order to profit from the far-reaching potential of the energy sector, a synergistic interaction of the “energy” and “mobility” sectors has to be conceived.

The presentation “Simply charging, anywhere, anytime with one contract setting roaming to the next level” introduces the BMWi and BMUB co-financed project BANULA, integrating electromobility into the energy system, while making a significant contribution to system security. Our Vision is to improve the balancing group and grid management while customers can easily charge without borders at any charge point (employer, supermarket, …) in Germany and Europe with one tariff. With one million vehicles in 2030 in Baden-Württemberg the delta energy at public charging infrastructure (30% of total charging energy) the off-set within the delta balancing group will be increased by 31%. Therefore, demand-oriented balancing by the supplier is needed. The solution is to introduce a virtual balancing area across Germany and Europe, which is blockchain-based to track tamperproof any energy transaction between the different roles within the energy and electromobility system.

Wüstenrot aims to become a ”Plus-Energy municipality” as a part of its German Energy Transition (Energiewende) goals. Wüstenrot has already achieved a high share of renewable energy production and is currently making its electricity and heating grid network more efficient by using intelligent monitoring systems. The next stage of the “Plus-Energy” plan is to increase the share of e-mobility in Wüstenrot. A rapid increase in the electrification of individual transport is expected in the coming years and this sector poses great challenges for municipalities in rural areas such as Wüstenrot. The major challenges are building necessary intelligent charging infrastructure, its integration into the current electricity grid and avoid overloading of the electricity grid. The “Smart2Charge” (S2C) project aims to solve those challenges. The objective of the S2C project is to create a reference model for the rapid expansion of e-mobility in rural areas. Firstly, the traffic flow of Wüstenrot is analysed, then secondly the electricity grid is modelled for testing the expansion of charging infrastructure and the application of flexibility measures. Following this, the acceptance of e-mobility in Wüstenrot is studied and finally a business model is created for the e-mobility expansion. The expansion of electric mobility offers a highly interesting new field of activity with services ranging from the provision of charging infrastructure, the development and implementation of booking and billing systems for car sharing services to the implementation and operation of parking guidance systems. Through comprehensive intelligent bi-directional charging management (V2G), there is also the potential to develop an additional service market for the power grid. This paper aims at giving the audience an overview of the project objectives and an insight into current project results.