18th Italian National Conference on Photonic Technologies (Fotonica 2016)
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- Location: Rome, Italy
- Conference date: 6-8 June 2016
- ISBN: 978-1-78561-268-8
- Conference number: CP704
- The following topics are dealt with: optical communication; optical components and appliances; optical sensors; nanophotonics; integrated optics; integrated optoelectronics; and optical fibres.
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- Author(s): D. Giancristofaro
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02 (4 .)
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The present paper, starting with a journey in time across the fifty years of disruptive ideas and developments available in the public literature that allowed the implementation of current free space optical communication systems by NASA and ESA, proposes the application of a CCSDS standard developed by ESA and Thales Alenia Space Italia originally developed for RF communications also for optical links. The paper mainly focuses on modulation and coding algorithms and benefits from the literature for key conclusions, based on quantum mechanics, that indicate the optical solution as more efficient and suitable for extra-long distance communications. The final goal is to highlight that, notwithstanding the existing solutions for optical modems, the CCSDS standard defined by ESA and Thales Alenia Space Italia can be used for state-of-the art optical modem developments that would also allow dual mode RF and optical operation with common and shared modem sections. Application scenarios encompass deep space communications and high speed satellite communications. - Author(s): G. Aromataris and V. Annovazzi-Lodi
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03 (4 .)
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After a brief introduction on optical chaotic cryptography, we compare the standard short cavity, close-loop, two-laser and three-laser schemes for secure transmission, showing that both are suitable for secure data exchange, the three-laser scheme offering a slightly better level of privacy, due to its symmetrical topology. - Author(s): S. Straullu ; P. Savio ; A. Nespola ; S. Abrate ; V. Ferrero ; R. Gaudino
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04 (4 .)
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In this paper we present our final results on the real-time implementation on an FPGA platform of the digital signal processing required in the FDMA-PON architecture studied in the EU project “FABULOUS”. ”. For the first time, we demonstrated simultaneous upstream and downstream real-time transmission capable of carrying Gigabit Ethernet bidirectional traffic to each ONU. - Author(s): M. Rannello ; F. Bottoni ; M. Artiglia ; M. Presi ; E. Ciaramella
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05 (4 .)
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A coherent TX-RX prototype is presented including a real-time polarization-independent coherent receiver (PI-RX) with analog processing (no DSP). The prototype, realised by means of common DFBs and commercially available RF electronic ICs, is targeted for use on a 6.25 GHz Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (UD-WDM) grid and features up to 50 dB of loss budget. Robustness of the PI-RX against crosstalk from coexistent adjacent channels is demonstrated. Using two such prototypes, bidirectional transmission in a 8x1.25G UD-WDM system configuration with 6.25 GHz frequency spacing and 45 dB ODN loss is shown with channel selection by means of thermal tuning of the local oscillator. - Author(s): M. Brunero ; P. Parolari ; R. Brenot ; M. Martinelli
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06 (4 .)
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Reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based self-seeded (SS) transmitters have proved to be compact self-tuning transceivers for wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM PONs). The small electro-optical bandwidth of currently available RSOA devices limits the maximum bit-rate for each transmitter. We thus propose a self-tuning WDM PON multilevel transmitter based on self-seeding in two RSOAs co-located at the network end (e.g. at the optical network unit (ONU)). The architecture takes advantage of a single cavity which sustains two mode families with orthogonal polarizations, thanks to the exploitation of the Faraday rotator mirror (FRM)-based retracing optical circuit. The multilevel transmission allows a capacity doubling, overcoming the RSOA bandwidth limitations. We analyse the build up and the modulation response of the proposed transmitter when exploiting two O-band RSOAs, showing spectra and output eye diagrams. The polarization division multiplexed transmitter performance from 5 Gb/s to 20 Gb/s are presented with propagation over up to 50-km standard single mode fibre, demonstrating BER below the FEC limit. - Author(s): G.V. Arévalo ; J.E. Sierra ; R.C. Hincapié ; R. Gaudino
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07 (4 .)
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In this paper we propose a novel algorithm (which combines an integer linear programming ILP model with heuristic approaches) for finding optimal multiple PON deployments in large urban regions with very high number of users and with different bit rate demands. Our algorithm finds optimal solutions employing real city maps (by an ad-hoc developed interface with the open source OpenStreetMap database) using the geographic coordinates of streets and buildings. This data is used for clustering users, identifying their location and demands, allocating primary and secondary street cabinets and finding the optimal routes for optical fiber ducts/cables. - Author(s): G. Bruno ; A. Tartaglia ; S. Mosti
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08 (4 .)
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100G DWDM pluggable modules for regional applications are now commercially available from multiple suppliers. They allow the expansion of existing 50-GHz based 10G networks to up to 10x capacity as well as the realization of greenfield dispersion-unmanaged networks. However, they are based on proprietary implementations which usually prevent transverse compatibility. We describe how we achieved error-free 100 GbE transport over a 1200+ km long system by means of interoperable 100G CFP interfaces from two different vendors employing proprietary DSPs and manufacturing technologies. Finally we estimate the benefits of reconfigurable FEC schemes and interoperability modes of these interfaces when deployed in a realistic SDN scenario. - Author(s): M. Cantono ; R. Gaudino ; V. Curri
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09 (4 .)
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Following the requirement of optical network operators to assess the merit of physical layer technologies on optical network performances, we perform a statistical comparison of two possible implementations of flexible rate transceivers to enable the elastic network paradigm. Using the recently proposed Statistical Network Assessment Process (SNAP) we compare the average bitrate per lightpath that can be sustained using either pure flexible PM-M-QAM or Time Division Hybrid Modulation Formats (TDHMFs) transponders. We show that the latter technology is able to outperform the former of 23% in a Pan-European network scenario. In addition, we consider the variation of the average bitrate per LP as a function of the equivalent noise figure of the amplifiers, supposing to use either hybrid Raman/Erbium doped amplification or fully Erbium doped amplification schemes. We show that on average, an improvement of 1 dB in noise figure allows an increase of 3% in average bitrate per LP for TDHMF and 4% for PM-M-QAM. Finally, we show also the dependency of the same capacity metric vs. ROADM insertion loss, showing an average 2% capacity increase for each 1 dB improvement in ROADM loss, for both PM-M-QAM and TDHMF. - Author(s): M.S. Moreolo ; L. Nadal ; J.M. Fàbrega
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10 (4 .)
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The programmability of optical systems has a key role towards the integration of data and control plane to support advanced functionalities in flexible/elastic and highly scalable software defined networks (SDN). In this work, we illustrate the concept of SDN-enabled optical transmission adopting programmable data plane. Particularly, we focus on the programmability aspects of SDN-enabled optical systems using sliceable bandwidth variable transceiver (S-BVT) architectures based on multicarrier modulation (MCM) technology. We identify the programmable elements and the enabled advanced features, including adaptability, slice-ability and flexibility. Special attention is devoted to monitoring capability as programmability enabler. We show that optical systems programmability and softwarization with a synergic interworking between data and control plane represent a powerful tool for an efficient network resource usage. - Author(s): T. Muciaccia and V.M.N. Passaro
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11 (4 .)
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The implementation of solutions based on re-configurability and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are surely among the main challenges for network providers today. In analogy to the SDN paradigm, the present paper proposes the adoption of an innovative approach based on traffic adaptability in a unified all-optical metro-access network architecture. The purpose is to enable bandwidth sharing among different passive optical networks (PONs), which is essential for increasingly migratory and volatile traffic patterns. - Author(s): F. Matera ; M. Vari ; M. Posada ; G. Maier ; F. Giannone ; L. Valcarenghi ; A. Marotta ; C. Antonelli
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12 (4 .)
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This work reports the studies carried out in the framework of the Italian PRIN ROAD-NGN project about costs and strategies for the implementations of next generation networks based on optical fibers, including novel solutions regarding next generation passive optical networks. The paper reports some general guidelines concerning the implementation of solutions based on Fiber to the x (where x stands for Cabinet, Building and Home) and specialized solutions for the city of L'Aquila, where specific interests of innovations are required, considering the necessity of full network rebuilding after the earthquake of 2009. - Author(s): M.B. Debebe ; R. Gaudino ; S. Straullu ; S. Abrate
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13 (4 .)
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One of the transmission solutions for next-generation fronthauling is a “native” radio over fiber transport of a large number of radio waveforms assisted by Digital Signal processing aggregation at the transceiver sides. This solution originally proposed by Huawei and now part of the ITU-T G.sup55 Recommendation has been experimentally demonstrated in some specific system scenario, but we believe system margin for the radio link has not been properly considered. The goal of this paper is providing a more extensive set of theoretical requirements and accordingly give some preliminary experimental results. - Author(s): L. Pulcini ; P. Grazioso ; A. Valenti ; F. Matera ; D. Del Buono ; V. Attanasio
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14 (4 .)
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In this work we show some experimental approaches concerning dynamic network management based on Carrier Ethernet forwarding that result very suitable in the context of 5G heterogeneous networks. We show how to change logical paths to feed different network segments with very fast time and either null or negligible packet losses. We also show how to adopt a central unit (orchestrator) to automatically manage such logical paths according to Quality of Service requirements. - Author(s): P. Pintus ; C. Manganelli ; S. Tondini ; M. Mancinelli ; F. Gambini ; C. Castellan ; F. Di Pasquale ; L. Pavesi ; F. Testa ; C.J. Oton
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15 (4 .)
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In this paper, we present the optical elements needed for the fabrication of a wavelength selective silicon photonic integrated switching matrix. We focus on the device proposed in the European project IRIS, which is a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transponder aggregator. It implements a colourless, directionless, and contentionless reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) node for metro transport networks. The building blocks are described as well as the system specifications and the system architecture. - Author(s): S. Civelli ; E. Forestieri ; M. Secondini
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16 (4 .)
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A transmission scheme based on the modulation of information onto the nonlinear spectrum of a signal is analysed through simulation and the impact of discretization choices, boundary conditions and block length is investigated. It turns out that the spectral efficiency decrease due to the redundant symbols required to fulfil the requirements about boundary conditions cannot be mitigated by increasing the block length. - Author(s): P. Perrone ; S. Betti ; G.G. Rutigliano
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17 (4 .)
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This paper aims to achieve a complete statistical characterization of a novel model for multilevel polarization modulation (“bands of polarization”), suitable for Local Area Networks (LANs) based on twisted optical fibers. Starting from the simulative results, this work shows the differences between various polarizations and the strong dependency of the achievable throughput from the twisting process. Finally, performances are analysed in the case of coherent detection (shot-noise limited). - Author(s): L.S. Ronga ; S. Jayousi ; E. Forestieri ; M. Secondini ; F. Cavaliere
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18 (4 .)
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A performance comparison among some promising low-complexity modulation formats suitable for optical short reach interconnects is presented. Bit error probability, electrical SNR and optical power penalty for different sets of operational parameters has been investigated through a complete analysis of the behavior of each format. Simulation results reveal that, among the selected modulation formats, while DBPSK and DQPSK are advantaged in terms of electrical SNR, this advantage is lost in terms of optical power. Among the formats requiring a lower technological complexity, the most resilient to chromatic dispersion turn out to be PAM-4 and CAPS, which outperforms PAM-4 as regards the power budget. - Author(s): S. Musetti and P. Serena
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19 (4 .)
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We show throughout simulations that the nonlinear interference produced by cross-channel effects in short uncompensated links is affected by nonlinear phase noise. This behaviour is missed by approximated Gaussian noise nodels of nonlinear optical links, as they share a circular assumption of the statistics of nonlinear interference. We investigate the reasons of such a phase noise by separating the contribution of cross phase modulation (XPM) by cross polarization modulation (XPolM). XPM shows a dominant phase noise nature compared to XPolM, which eventually masks the circular noise contribution of faraway channels. We show that such a phase noise is low-pass in frequency, and thus it can be partially compensated by a carrier phase estimator, leaving an almost circular distributed noise after it. We also investigate the correlations induced by XPM and XPolM between the two main signal polarizations, which show to be relevant for faraway channels. - Author(s): G.G. Rutigliano ; S. Betti ; P. Perrone
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20 (4 .)
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We investigate a technique to improve the information confidentiality in optical fibre telecommunications. Starting from a basic scheme of unconventional coding technique applied to a 3-dimensional polarization shift keying we extend the method to a 4-dimensional physical space [2] in order to demonstrate the general applicability of the cryptographic method and to achieve better performances in terms of transmission throughput. BER is calculated for hypercube constellation modulation in 2, 3 and 4 dimensions and an interesting relation between BER, transmission power and space dimension is derived. - Author(s): F. Matera
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21 (4 .)
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This paper reports an analytical investigation, confirmed by numerical simulations, about the nonlinear noise contribution in single-channel optical systems adopting generic modulation-detection formats in long links with both managed and unmanaged dispersion compensation, and its impact on system performance evaluated in terms of Q factor, that is related to the intrachannel nonlinear interaction length, LNLI, that quantifies the level of noise due to the Kerr effect. Results point out the dependence of this nonlinear noise on the number of amplifiers spans, N, in the case of unmanaged chromatic dispersion compensation according to the modulation-detection format and the signal baud rate. - Author(s): A. Coiro and F. Matera
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22 (4 .)
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This paper studies the energy-efficient routing and wavelength assignment in translucent WDM networks, analyzing the role of the signal regeneration. We show that, taking into account physical layer impairments and the consequent possible regeneration, suitable algorithms have to be adopted to achieve satisfactory energy efficiency. Then, we analyze the energy efficiency achievable with different modulation formats. The case of mixed line-rate networks is also considered and a heuristic method is proposed to efficiently decide the set of connections, at different bit rates, to be assigned to each traffic demand with the goal of minimizing the total consumed power. - Author(s): P. Boffi ; P. Parolari ; A. Gatto ; P. Martelli ; F. Corapi ; A. Albanese ; V. Costa ; P. Crosta ; C. Meani ; P. Paglierani ; M. Martinelli
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23 (4 .)
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PCI Express based innovative architectures designed for datacentre connections are proposed exploiting fiber communications for remote very high-speed connectivity. According with the ADVENT project approach a disruptive scenario based on an unique PCIe fabric is described, assuring convergent, storage/analytics functionalities mapped to a global shared memory. In particular, the hardware configuration of this kind of the proposed architecture is presented for inter-host remote communications, showing the intrinsic advantages in terms of connectivity and applications. Moreover, experimentation of PCIe Gen3 interconnections over up to 2-km standard fiber is demonstrated strictly compliant with the standard. - Author(s): V. Attanasio ; S. Betti ; D. Carleo ; A. Chiari ; G. Marcone ; M. Tabacchiera ; F. Zanuccoli
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24 (4 .)
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With reference to recent efforts within the entertainment industry in providing sensory (thermal, olfactory) stimulation associated with audio-visual contents, this paper describes a work aiming at an integration of a novel multisensorial reproduction system into multimedia streams. Our prototype 4D platform is first outlined, and its main architectural and technological features are highlighted. Then the coding and transport of control signals to the sensory actuators is focused on, also taking into due consideration a careful survey of currently available or candidate standards to properly support our application. Namely, the adoption of MPEG-V standard allowed us to provide a way to efficiently encode sensory effects information (data, control instructions), and to embed such information as data frames into MPEG family transport streams. Moreover, since multisensorial control data should be error free at the receiver side in order to properly drive the sensory actuators, we developed our experimental system upon an all optical transmission platform, which best fits our application requirements due to its topmost reliability, based on the interconnection of a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) and a GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network). - Author(s): F. Mattioli ; A. Gaggero ; M. Graziosi ; Z. Zhou ; R. Gaudio ; A. Fiore ; R. Leoni
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25 (4 .)
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Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are the detectors of choice in quantum optics applications due to their leading performances. To exploit their performances, great care must be devoted to efficiently couple light from a single-mode fiber to their small area, ~10 μm in size, at cryogenic temperature (~3K). In addition, to further improve the SNSPDs functionality, implementing the photon number resolving capability, arrays of spatially multiplexed SNSPDs, must be realized. We will discuss our results obtained for these two approaches.
Modems for deep space optical communications: from RF to optical deep space, the European contribution
Two- and three-laser chaos communications
Final results from EU project “FABULOUS”
Low-complexity real-time coherent TX/RX prototype for UD-WDM access networks
20-Gb/s polarization division multiplexed WDM PON transmitter based on self seeded RSOAs
A novel algorithm for PON optimal deployment over real city maps and large number of users
Experimental demonstration of multi-vendor interoperable 100G DWDM CFP line interfaces
The statistical network assessment process (SNAP) to evaluate benefits of amplifiers and transponders' upgrades
SDN-enabled optical transmission systems: programmability and advanced features
A novel SDN-like DWDM all-optical metro-access network architecture
Fiber Access Cost Models from ROAD NGN Project
Dimensioning the physical layer of DSP-based radio waveforms aggregation for fronthauling
Software Defined Networks over Carrier Ethernet for 5G: Tests from a GMPLS test bed
Silicon photonic toolkit for integrated switching matrices
Impact of Discretization and Boundary Conditions in Nonlinear Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Statistical and performance analysis of a novel M-PolSK modulation in local "twisted" fibers
Modulation formats analysis for optical short reach interconnects
Investigation of Phase Noise Induced by Cross Channel Nonlinear Interference
Multidimensional secure multilevel polarization shift keying
Nonlinear Interaction Length in Unmanaged and Managed Dispersion Compensation Links
Impact of WDM impairments in energy-aware design of optical networks
PCIe-based network architectures over optical fiber links : an insight from the advent project
An Experimental 4D Video Communication Platform
Implementation of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors for quantum photonics
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- Author(s): L. Civita ; R. Asquini ; L. Martini ; A. d'Alessandro
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26 (4 .)
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We demonstrate optical directional couplers made of polydimethylsiloxane channels filled with nematic liquid crystals in view of low power flexible optical switches. Transmission of light through such optical channels is polarization insensitive. Coupling of light can be performed with an extinction ratio of over 20 dB at the wavelength of 1550 nm for any input polarization. Directional couplers as short as 45 μm can also be obtained with a gap between the waveguides of just 0.3 μm. Preliminary fabrication of ITO electrodes deposited on PDMS is described to change the coupler state. By applying a voltage a reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules parallel to the applied electric field raises the refractive index of liquid crystal therefore light injected in one waveguide remains in the same waveguide without coupling determining a bar-state of the directional coupler. Images at a scanning electrode microscope show that ITO electrodes with good uniformity can be obtained with a thickness of about 27 nm. Photolithographic masks have been also fabricated for final switch fabrication. - Author(s): A. De Iacovo ; C. Venettacci ; L. Colace ; L. Scopa ; S. Foglia
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27 (3 .)
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We report on colloidal PbS quantum dot near infrared photoconductors operating at low voltage. In order to maximize the device sensitivity, we exploited the advantages of different measurement techniques and methods for dark current cancellation and noise reduction including the DC volt-amperometric measurement with offset cancellation, a Wheatstone-bridge configuration and impedance measurements. We demonstrate that even photodetectors with moderate detectivity (109-1010cmHz1/2/W), exhibit very large SNR. - Author(s): D. Melati ; A. Alippi ; A. Melloni
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28 (3 .)
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A reconfigurable Photonic Integrated Circuit for mode multiplexing and demultiplexing in a few-mode fiber is proposed and demonstrated. The circuit allows to selectively excite and demultiplex modes LP10 and LP11a with an estimated efficiency in the order of -6 dB and modedependent losses smaller than 1 dB. Mode cross-talk is measured as low as -20 dB. Two-mode SDM fiber transmission and channel routing reconfiguration are demonstrated exploiting exclusively integrated circuits for mode coupling and demultiplexing. - Author(s): G. Ruffato ; M. Massari ; F. Romanato
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29 (4 .)
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We present the design, fabrication and optical characterization of compact phase-only diffractive optical elements (DOE) for the (de)multiplexing of beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light, engineered for integration into next-generation OAM-based optical platforms. Samples have been fabricated with high-resolution electron-beam lithography on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resist layer spun over a glass substrate and the high quality has been inspected with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various designs are presented for the sorting of optical vortices differing in either OAM content or beam size, with several steering geometries in far-field. The optical characterization has been performed at the selected wavelength λ=632.8 nm in terms of channel efficiency and inter-channel cross-talk, exhibiting remarkable optical performance. - Author(s): D. Conteduca ; T. Tatoli ; F. Innone ; F. Dell'Olio ; C. Ciminelli ; M.N. Armenise
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30 (5 .)
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An integrated graphene-based fine-tunable optical delay line in silicon nitride has been designed. A high optical delay time up to 920 ps has been calculated with a device footprint A ~ 4 mm2. The device includes two graphene-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) switches and two vertically-stacked microring resonators. Graphene capacitors have been integrated in the optical delay line to exploit the electro-optic effect aiming at fast tuning (response time of few nanoseconds) with a low power dissipation. Such performance, together with optical loss α < 27 dB, makes this device suitable for beam-steering up to 20 radiating elements, with an angle of ±20° in the azimuth direction, of a tile in a phased-array antenna included in an X-band SAR. - Author(s): A. Belardini ; M. Centini ; G. Leahu ; R. Li Voti ; E. Fazio ; C. Sibilia ; J.W. Haus ; A. Sarangan ; D.C. Hooper ; V.K. Valev
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31 (4 .)
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We present experimental results of linear and nonlinear optical measurements from a plasmonic metasurface composed by self-assembled tilted gold nanowires. We investigated the extrinsic chiral response due to the particular symmetry breaking induced by the nanowires geometry by using second harmonic generation, photoacoustic absorption and optical reflectance measurements. - Author(s): Sen Mou ; A. Rubano ; D. Paparo
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32 (3 .)
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A new source of high-power broadband THz radiation has been built in Naples, Italy. The source is based on twocolours mixing of ultrashort femtosecond light pulses. The source can deliver THz frequencies in the range 0.1-30 THz, with pulses of sub-picosecond time duration and having a peak electric field amplitude as high as 1 MV/cm. A characterization of the source is given in this work together with an overview of the preliminary experiments of THzcontrolled excitations in solids. - Author(s): D. Ceoldo ; U. Minoni ; D. Modotto ; B.M. Shalaby ; K. Krupa ; A. Tonello ; V. Couderc
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33 (4 .)
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We report the experimental characterization of the second harmonic generated in optically poled fibers. The fibers were poled by using both linearly and circularly polarized pumps at the wavelength of 1064 nm. Polarization and transverse profile of the light generated at 532 nm depend on the polarization of the input fundamental beam at 1064 nm used to pole the fiber. The generated second harmonic is carried by the LP01 mode if the fiber is poled only one time, whereas the second harmonic is carried by a combination of higher-order modes if the fiber undergoes the poling process more than once. - Author(s): L. Mezi ; S. Bollanti ; L. Businaro ; P. Di Lazzaro ; A. Gerardino ; F. Flora ; D. Murra ; A. Torre
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34 (4 .)
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After a brief description of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation peculiarities, the main characteristics of the ENEA Discharge Produced Plasma (DPP) EUV source are described. An efficient debris mitigation system has been developed and tested on the DPP source, to protect delicate objects from plasma emitted debris bombardment. The DPP source has been successfully utilized for pattern generation by EUV irradiation of photonic materials like lithium fluoride crystals and various innovative photoresists. A simple contact EUV lithography technique has been demonstrated to be effective for sub-micrometric resolution patterning on the above mentioned materials. Examples of obtained patterns are presented and discussed. - Author(s): Thi Ngoc Lam Tran ; M. Meneghetti ; L. Zur ; Thi Thanh Van Tran ; A. Lukowiak ; D. Zonta ; G.C. Righini ; M. Ferrari
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35 (4 .)
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The present work focuses on sol-gel derived SnO2-based thin glass-ceramic films doped with Er3+ ions, fabricated by dipcoating technique. Our goal is to find a viable fabrication protocol to obtain them. Thin films with a variety of composition were synthesized and their structural, optical and spectroscopic properties were investigated. The FTIR spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns were used to characterize the structure of the thin films. The transparency of the thin film was tested by UV-Vis transmittance measurements. The energy transfer dynamic was investigated by time-resolved spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. - Author(s): L. Fontana ; I. Venditti ; I. Fratoddi ; G. Leahu ; A. Belardini ; R. Li Voti ; C. Sibilia ; R. Matassa ; G. Familiari
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36 (4 .)
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In this work gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs), functionalized with the π-conjugated dithiol, 9,9-didodecyl-2,7-bis-thiofluorene (FL) were prepared and their optical and electronic properties were investigated. The obtained nanoparticles showed low diameters and low size dispersion (4-5 nm), a very good solubility in organic solvents and can be easily deposited as stable film on several surfaces. The spectroscopic characterization revealed an absorption peak at about 525 nm for AuNPs and about 405 nm for AgNPs. The microscopy investigation showed uniform film of nanoparticles network. Furthermore the conductivity measurement showed ohmic behaviour for AuNPs that make these materials promising candidates for opto electronic devices. - Author(s): A. Barucci ; M. Arjmand ; D. Farnesi ; S. Berneschi ; G.C. Righini ; S. Soria ; M. Soltanolkotabi ; G. Frigenti ; G.N. Conti
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37 (4 .)
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We implement a mathematical model able to predict the amplitude variation of the optical field inside a coupled highQ resonator as a function of the scanning wavelength. Similarly to a Fabry-Perot cavity with its two highly reflecting mirrors, the resonator has two fiber based tap couplers. By fitting experimental data with this model, it is possible to determine the physical characteristics of the resonator, such as Q-factor, coupling coefficients, and coupling regimes. In order to test our modelling tool we applied it to characterize a fiber ring resonator in add-drop configuration. We also perform preliminary test on a high-Q whispering gallery mode optical disk resonators. - Author(s): G. Rigamonti ; S. Merlo ; F. Carpignano
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38 (4 .)
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We report the application of an all-fiber setup for spectral reflectivity measurements on rectangular glass microcapillaries, in view of their application as micro-opto-fluidic devices for detection of solution concentration. We tested two kind of capillaries, both with 50 μm × 500 μm cross section but different wall thickness, respectively equal to 35 μm and 50 μm. Optical readout was provided by a broadband light source with λc = 1.55 μm. We here compare the results obtained on the two different devices in terms of sensitivity and limit of detection when tested with Glucose solutions in water.
Short optofluidic directional couplers for low power switches
Sensitivity of Pbs Colloidal Quantum Dot Photoconductors: A Comparison of Different Readout Methods
Integrated Spatial Division (De)Multiplexer for Few-Mode Fiber Transmission
Novel Diffractive Optics For Mode Division Multiplexing of Optical Vortices
Reconfigurable optical beamformer with graphene-based fine-tunable optical delay line
Chiral Optical Response of Self-Assembled Plasmonic Metasurface Investigated by Linear and Nonlinear Detection Schemes
A new THz-Pump / Second Harmonic Probe experimental setup: characterizations and first results
Second harmonic generation in fibers poled by linearly and circularly polarized pumps
The ENEA discharge produced plasma EUV source: description and applications
SnO2 based glasses: a viable photonic system
Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Based Networks as Advanced Materials for Optoelectronic Devices
Determination of coupling regime of high-Q coupled resonators using cavity ring down spectroscopy
Spectral reflectivity measurements on glass capillaries for micro-fluidic applications
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01 (32 .)
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Frontmatter
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- Author(s): A. Fiduccia ; F. Gugliermetti ; F. Pagliaro ; B. Mattoni ; F. Nardecchia ; C. Canu
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This paper aims to describe a Web Spatial Decision Support System (Web SDSS) for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the most common tools used to monitor and analyze the territorial and morphologic changes of coastal and marine ecosystems. Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based tools developed to support decision analysis and participatory processes. A Web SDSS is a DSS using Geographic Information System (GIS) as engine for storing and analyzing data and Internet technologies to disseminate data and analyses allowing their use by experts and laymen. The issue of aging of GIS data can be solved using satellite imagery as data source. In this framework, the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE) of Sapienza, University of Rome, propose a scientific collaboration to create and develop an innovative Web SDSS in order to support ICZM policies. Furthermore, the flexibility of the developed Web SDSS will allow to easily modify and adapt the system to different case, developing suitable environmental and land analyses that can be shared through the Internet to a wide number of potential users. - Author(s): C. Mondaini ; G. Bianco ; A. Boni ; E. Ciocci ; S. Contessa ; D. Currie ; S. Dell'Agnello ; G. Delle Monache ; N. Intaglietta ; M. Maiello ; M. Martini ; G. Patrizi ; L. Porcelli ; L. Salvatori ; M. Tibuzzi ; P. Tuscano ; R. Vittori
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The SCF_Lab (Satellite/lunar/GNSS laser ranging/altimetry and Cube/microsat Characterization Facilities Laboratory) is a brand new ISO 7 Clean Room, dedicated to design, characterization and modelling of the space segment of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) and Planetary Laser Ranging and Altimetry (PLRA) for industrial and scientific applications. The role of SCF_Lab is fundamental to study and characterize cube corner retroreflectors (CCRs) necessary for laser ranging. CCRs are special “mirrors” that reflect light in the same direction it came from as it was a normal flat mirror but always orthogonal to the beam no matter where the beam actually came from. It happens thanks to a triple rebound of photons, over the three faces of the corner. In SCF_Lab, thanks to an innovative thermal-vacuum-optical test (SCF-Test), we characterize and model the thermal behaviour and the optical performances of CCRs. The laboratory procedures are approved by the international organization that coordinates all laser ranging activities, the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS). Our key experimental innovation is the concurrent measurement and modelling of the optical Far Field Diffraction Pattern (FFDP) and the temperature distribution of the SLR/LLR payload of retroreflectors under thermal conditions produced with a solar simulator. The primary target is to provide critical design and diagnostic capabilities for SLR to Galileo and other GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) constellations. New retroreflectors designs will be fundamental to improve GNSS orbits, increasing, this manner, accuracy, stability, and distribution of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), in order to provide a more precise definition of the geocenter (origin) and the scale (length unit). The SCF_Lab is also developing, validating and optimizing a next-generation LLR arrays for precision tests of GR with the MoonLIGHT-2 (Moon Laser Instrumentation for General relativity High-accuracy Tests - Phase 2) experiment. - Author(s): C. Burattini ; B. Mattoni ; D. Drakou ; L. Cellucci ; A. Mangione ; F. Gugliermetti ; F. Bisegna
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Studies about sleep deprivation in Space suggest the desynchronization of astronauts' circadian rhythm during the mission. This alteration could be caused by the absence of natural light variation in Space, together with low illuminance levels existing within the habitat. The paper proposes a new dynamic lighting approach suited for Space habitats reproducing Earth daylight variation by means of electrical light sources. In a daily schedule, the artificial lighting variation from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. was planned according to previous studies about melatonin secretion and physiological parameters variation in human body. Variations of illuminance (E) level and Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) are obtained using the new LED technology, a light source suitable for Space applications. Results obtained suggest that the proposed scheduled lighting scenarios produce the proper conditions for astronauts' circadian rhythm regulation and cognitive performance. - Author(s): F. Tommasi ; E. Ignesti ; L. Fini ; F. Martelli ; S. Cavalieri
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Optical sensors have been extensively studied in order to develop new methods of investigation for different materials. In particular, light scattering and absorption in biological tissues have been investigated for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we present an experimental work devoted to develop a new kind of optical sensor based on the random laser emission. Such an optical phenomenon finds its origin in the combination of scattering and gain in a mirror-less disordered active medium. - Author(s): E. Conti ; A.L. Allegra Mascaro ; L. Sacconi ; C. Spalletti ; S. Lai ; C. Alia ; A. Panarese ; S. Micera ; M. Caleo ; F.S. Pavone
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The authors apply a combination of fluorescence imaging techniques to explore various aspects of cortical plasticity in-vivo, triggered by rehabilitation protocols after a photothrombotic stroke. Firstly, we used a two-photon microscope with high resolution to analyze the synaptic connections in the periinfarct area of Thy1-GFPm mice brain cortex; secondly, the authors used a wide-field microscope to reveal the cortical activity over a large area on Thy1-GCaMP6f mice performing a motor rehabilitation task on a robotic platform and finally to investigate the rewiring of interhemispheric connectivity we perform an optogenetic stimulation of light-sesnsitive protein Channel Rodopsin 2 expressed in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice. - Author(s): E. Baria ; R. Cicchi ; G. Nesi ; D. Massi ; F.S. Pavone
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Atherosclerosis is a widespread cardiovascular disease caused by the deposition of lipids (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) on the inner arterial wall. It is one of the leading causes of death in the Western World, as the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque may result in a thrombus with fatal consequences. Preventive assessment of plaque vulnerability is therefore extremely important and it could be performed by studying collagen organization and lipid composition in atherosclerotic arterial tissues. Nonlinear microscopy is a labelfree and non-invasive tool for achieving such goal, as an alternative to the histopathological examination. In this study, we used Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy, Two-Photon Fluorescence (TPF) microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) with a combined approach in order to characterize collagen organization and lipids in human carotid ex vivo tissue sections affected by atherosclerosis. SHG and TPF images, acquired from different regions within atherosclerotic plaques, were used to measure the corresponding TPF/SHG ratios. Moreover, such images were processed through image pattern analysis methods such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Finally, the resulting information on collagen and cholesterol distribution and anisotropy, combined with collagen and lipids fluorescence lifetime measured from FLIM images, allowed characterizing carotid samples and discriminating different tissue regions. The presented method offers the potential to be applied for automated classification of atherosclerotic lesions and plaque vulnerability. In addition, the methodology could be extended to the diagnostics of other tissues and pathologies. Moreover, it lays the foundation for a potential in vivo diagnostic tool to be used in a clinical setting. - Author(s): L. Turrini ; T. Alterini ; C. Müllenbroich ; A. Gheisari ; L. Sacconi ; L. Silvestri ; F. Vanzi ; F.S. Pavone
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One of the most exciting challenges of neurosciences in the last few years is the real-time recording of neuronal activity with single cell resolution across the entire brain. Thanks to the use of optical methods, together with animal models in which the whole encephalon is optically accessible, this goal is getting within reach. In this work, we use a transgenic zebrafish line expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6s in which binding of calcium ions leads to an increase in the emitted fluorescence of the reporter. GCaMP6s is the most sensitive calcium reporter within the genetically encoded calcium indicator family and allows us to record zebrafish larva neuronal activity with a high signal-to-noise ratio and single neuron resolution. To record the fluorescence emitted by the GCaMP6s reporter we use a custom-made confocal light-sheet microscope (LSM), in which the sample is illuminated with a thin sheet of light and the detection optical axis is perpendicular to the illumination axis. Owing to its intrinsic optical sectioning, this technique provides cellular resolution with high frame-rates and low photobleaching, allowing us to record the neuronal activity of zebrafish larvae with high spatio-temporal resolution. Conventional one-sided illumination LSM can suffer from limitations arising from even low levels of pigmentation in the sample or the presence of other obstructions reducing the quality of the incoming excitation light sheet. This can lead to shadowing in the image and possibly dynamic artefacts when the components responsible for the optical perturbations move. We have therefore implemented an illumination system based on a Bessel beam to overcome these limitations. Due to their nondiffractive and “self-healing” properties Bessel beams improve the quality of the images obtained from zebrafish larvae, reducing shadowing effects and increasing image homogeneity. - Author(s): A. Candeo ; F.G. Doccula ; G. Valentini ; A. Costa ; A. Bassi
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Plant roots of Arabidopsis thaliana can be imaged at high spatial resolution on a large field of view by light sheet fluorescence microscopy, such as Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM). Root growth can be observed in 3D over various time scales, in controlled, quasiphysiological conditions. We show that SPIM combined with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer is well suited to observe calcium dynamics in single root cells, taking place under external stimuli. We also demonstrate the possibility to evaluate the healthy growth of root hairs by imaging spontaneous calcium oscillations in root hairs. - Author(s): I. Cacciari and S. Siano
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68 (4 .)
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We investigate the influence of surface roughness and show angularly resolved measurements performed using a fibercoupled Terahertz time domain spectroscopy system. The study aim at defining the range of roughness, which allow to exploit THz reflectometry in order to collect microtomographic information. - Author(s): S. Merlo ; F. Melloni ; F. Carpignano ; M. Torchio ; M. Danova ; N. Panini ; E. Erba ; S. Surdo ; G. Barillaro ; F. Aredia ; A.I. Scovassi ; G. Mazzini
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We investigated the capacity of tumour cells to populate the gaps of three-dimensional microstructures (3D-SMS) formed by periodic arrays of parallel 3-μm-thick silicon walls separated by 5-μm-wide, 50 μm-deep air gaps. To evaluate a possible correlation between this feature and cell aggressiveness, we tested eight human tumour cell lines with a well known different aggressive potential. The qualitative analysis performed by fluorescence microscopy revealed that some tumour cell lines populate the narrow gaps of the microstructure due to their greater plasticity and enhanced aggressiveness; on the other hand, cells with low aggressive potential are less prone to colonise the gaps. Image analysis of fluorescence microscopy fields allowed the quantification of the fraction of cells inside the gaps over the total cell number. Our results suggest that tumour cell plasticity could be considered as a biomarker of aggressiveness of tumour cells grown in an innovative 3D micro-device characterised by a well-defined and highly reproducible geometrical layout. - Author(s): P. Morvillo ; R. Diana ; E. Bobeico ; C. Minarini
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70 (4 .)
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In this work, we report the synthesis and the application of a low-temperature sol-gel In-doped zinc oxide (IZO) thin film with various indium content as an electron transport layer (ETL) for high efficiency inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The IZO precursor was prepared by dissolving zinc acetate and ethanolamine in the 2-methoxyethanol in the presence of InCl3 at different concentration. Doped ZnO thin films were then deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrates by spin coating the above solution and annealed at 150°C for 5' in air. Inverted polymer solar cells with the configuration ITO/IZO/photoactive layer/MoO3/Ag were realized in order to investigate the performance of the IZO thin film. The photoactive layer was a blend of poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th) and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester ([70]PCBM). We made a comparative study of the photovoltaic behavior of PSCs realized employing IZO films with various indium contents. The best efficiency of 9.27% was reached using a 1 at% IZO film. The improved performance of such device is due to the better charge collection efficiency of this ETL. - Author(s): P. Morvillo ; R. Ricciardi ; E. Bobeico ; C. Minarini
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71 (4 .)
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The performances and the stability of a polymer solar cell (PSC) mainly depend on the architecture of the device and the materials used for the fabrication (photoactive and interface layers and contacts). In this work we made a comparative study between standard and inverted PSCs having an identical pair of hole and electron transport layers: molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and poly[(9,9-bis(3'-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9dioctylfluorene)] (PFN), respectively. We realized devices using a blend film of poly[(4,8-bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2ethylhexanoyl)-thieno[3,4-b]thiopene)-2,6-diyl]/[6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PBDTTT-C:[70]PCBM). The standard and inverted cells sequences were ITO/MoO3/PBDTTT-C:[70]PCBM/PFN/Ag and ITO/PFN/PBDTTT-C:[70]PCBM/MoO3/Ag, respectively. We studied the performances of both kinds of devices in order to investigate the influence of the architecture (standard vs inverted) on the performance of the solar cells. All the devices were characterized by IV light, IV dark and quantum efficiency measurements. The best device reached a power conversion efficiency of 6%. The inverted device has an improved current output compared to the standard one. In order to elucidate the absorption of photons inside the blend, we performed the optical modeling of the devices using the transfer matrix formalism and we simulated the effective absorption in the photoactive layer and the optical electric field inside the devices. - Author(s): R. Citroni ; D. Passi ; A. Leggieri ; F. Di Paolo ; A. Di Carlo
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72 (4 .)
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Nano Air Vehicles (NAVs), are gaining more and more interest and popularity. Currently, the NAVs are powered by high energy density lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries. The flight time (FT) is usually limited between 5 and 20 minutes before requiring a forced recovery to replace exhausted batteries. In several scenarios, where the human intervention cannot be performed, e.g., toxic and radiation environments, to replace exhausted batteries might be impossible. The FT is becoming a challenge in the design of these small objects. Nano Energy harvesting is an attractive technology to extend the FT. Infrared emissions can generate a substantial amount of energy, during day and night to constantly supply these flying objects for the whole day. This work reviews some new and efficient approaches to absorb the incident IR radiation, treating it as electromagnetic waves. The key element for harvesting IR energy from the sun is a Rectenna which is a combination of a Nano - Antenna and a rectifier, tuned to mid-infrared wavelengths (7 -14 μm ) with a peak wavelength of about 10 μm. - Author(s): F. Carpignano ; G. Silva ; A. Noual ; K. Pechstedt ; J.A. Grant-Jacob ; W.S. Brocklesby ; P. Horak ; S.A. Boden ; T. Melvin
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73 (4 .)
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The design and fabrication of nanopores within three-dimensionally structured gold films with spherical microcavities of 1.2 μm diameter and 0.6 μm deep in hexagonal close-packed arrays, are described. The cavities are fabricated by electroplating gold around self-assembled arrays of polymer spheres. Following removal of the spheres, and `lift-off' of the 3D structured gold film, some of the microcavities were milled with a Helium Ion Microscope to provide nanopores through the centre of the microcavity base right through the film. The geometry of the nanopore within the device is designed using theoretical approaches to provide the optimal electric field intensity in the very centre of the nanopore when excited with light of ~ 600 nm (in water). In this paper we report the theoretical simulations used to evaluate the optimal geometry of the nanopore within the centre/base of the gold microcavity. Although a number of various geometries and sizes of pores were considered the theoretical results provide evidence that a pore of 50nm with rounded corners will provide the greatest electrical field intensity inside the pore and the fabrication results provide a demonstrated practical approach for creation of these nanopores within these 3D gold structured films. - Author(s): E. Cametti ; S. Dell'Acqua ; P. Farinello ; G. Piccinno ; G. Reali
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74 (4 .)
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The goal of UTOFIA (EU H2020 project) is to offer a compact and cost-effective underwater imaging system for turbid environments. Using range-gated imaging, the system will extend the imaging range by factor 2 to 3 over conventional imaging systems, while at the same time providing video-rate 3D information. This will fill the current gap between short-range, high-resolution conventional video and long-range low-resolution sonar systems. UTOFIA offers a new modus operandi for the main targeted domains of application: marine life monitoring, harbor and ocean litter detection, fisheries stock assessment, aquaculture monitoring, and seabed mapping. A novel, frequency doubled laser system emitting @532nm to be used as scene illuminator is the main result of this presentation. The laser is based on a completely new conceptual design necessary to meet the tougher laser specifications as emerged after the successful results obtained with a preliminary off-the-shelf source (SystemZero implementation) and the prospected requirements for enhancing UTOFIA imaging system competitiveness. The new laser presents a novel MOPA (master oscillator-power amplifiers) architecture, chosen in order to render the output energy scalable in the present and future upgrades. The energy, pulse duration, and repetition rate goals sought for this item have been achieved: >2mJ @532nm, <2ns, up to 1kHz. Other issues have been addressed and successfully managed with this new laser implementation: very compact packaging, low power consumption, and efficient cooling under a wide range of operating environmental conditions. Two more features, important for optimal imaging operation of the system, are the ability of the laser to operate in low temporal jitter when triggered by the video-camera signals in order to cope with the correct range-gating temporization and a refined optical beaming that allows a versatile control of the scene illumination over a wider range of distances and angular span. - Author(s): M. Buffolo ; C. De Santi ; M. Meneghini ; G. Meneghesso ; E. Zanoni
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The aim of this work is to evaluate the reliability issues of midpower white LEDs subjected to high-temperature operating conditions. Four families of devices, picked from four different leading manufacturers, have been submitted to a series of active stresses in environmental chambers with ambient temperatures ranging from 45 °C to 105 °C. The experimental data, collected during the first 4000 hours of stress, revealed the presence of multiple degradation phenomena: a) a decrease of the luminous flux for LED junction-temperatures above 120 °C; b) the worsening of the electrical characteristics of the devices; c) the worsening of the chromatic properties of the emitted light. The temperature-related kinetics of the degradation processes, which were generally found to be thermally activated, helped to provide a first insight into reliability of mid-power LEDs for lighting applications. - Author(s): G. Rusciano ; G. Zito ; G. Pesce ; A. Sasso
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76 (4 .)
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Dry eye syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface that results in ocular discomfort and a potential visual disturbance. From a microscopic point of view, DES can be related to an alteration of the structure of microvilli, cellular membrane protrusions on apical epithelial cells, which increase the surface area available for tear adherence. The aim of this study is to investigate the biochemical differences of conjunctival tissues from healthy donors and those from patients affected by DES using a confocal Raman system. Samples were obtained by impression cytology, a minimally invasive procedure to remove few superficial layers of the ocular surface epithelium. Our experimental outcomes demonstrate that the ratio between proteinaceous and lipidic Raman bands in conjunctival tissues from diseased donors is significantly altered with respect to healthy donors. The present study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy can be potentially applied for an effective, non-invasive and potentially also in-vivo analysis of DES. - Author(s): A. De Angelis ; M.A. Ferrara ; G. Coppola ; A.C. De Luca
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A complete label-free and non-destructive analysis of semen quality (in terms of morphology and biochemical structure integrity) is required before artificial insemination. An optical approach based on digital holography and Raman spectroscopy was proposed and simultaneously applied for the fast characterization of single selected sperm cells. In this work, we have used this approach to simultaneously study biochemical and morphological characteristics of human sperm cells irradiated with different green laser powers. Severe spermatozoa variations associated with a topological redistribution of the sample and a gradual decrease in the Raman signal intensity were detected in a label-free configuration. Importantly, at laser fluences where no morphological alterations were detected (30 MJ/cm2), high specific spectral variations were monitored to evaluate the cell photodegradation. - Author(s): S. Manago ; C. Valente ; P. Mirabelli ; M. Napolitano ; D. Corda ; A.C. De Luca
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78 (4 .)
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In this work we have used the Raman spectroscopy to identify and classify normal B cells, collected from different healthy patients, versus three different B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cell lines (RS4;11, REH and MN60), by analyzing their biochemical features. Moreover, we have studied the effects of low-dose treatments of methotrexate (MTX), a key drug generally used in the BALL maintenance therapy, and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), a drug used in the maintenance therapy of a different leukemic disease [1]. We have found a regression of the disease in the three B-ALL cell lines after MTX-treatments, while there were no effects after ATRA treatments. In order to quantify the capability of our system to classify leukemia/normal cells, we performed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and obtained an accuracy of 97% for differentiating between three leukemia cell lines. In addition, we obtained a high accuracy (about 99%) in the classification of normal B cells versus the three B-ALL cell lines after MTX-treatments. - Author(s): A. D'Arco ; N. Brancati ; M.A. Ferrara ; M. Frucci ; M. Indolfi ; L. Zeni ; L. Sirleto
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79 (4 .)
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Taking advantage of Stimulated Raman scattering, a labelfree single cell imaging technique based on vibrational contrast can be implemented. In this work, the successful realization of a nonlinear microscope, not purchasable in commerce, based on Stimulated Raman scattering is described. In order to test the microscope, polystyrene beads images are carried out. Finally, in order to demonstrate the feasibility of Stimulated Raman scattering imaging, preliminary label free images of adipocyte cell are reported. - Author(s): L. Gardini ; F.S. Pavone ; M. Capitanio
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80 (4 .)
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Here we present a study of single processive myosin motors based on the combination of optical tweezers and fluorescence imaging techniques. Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy [1] is applied to study the dependence of the chemo-mechanical properties of myosin on load and on ATP concentration. On the other hand, single molecule localization through FIONA (Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy) [2, 3] is applied to in vitro motility assay to measure parameters such as the runlength, the velocity and the step size of single myosin motors, labelled with Quantum Dots. - Author(s): M. Mugnano ; P. Memmolo ; L. Miccio ; F. Merola ; P. Ferraro
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81 (3 .)
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Recent discoveries about the optical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) and the perspective of using them as liquid microlenses can now be used to explain, and may eventually be used to predict, erythrocyte shape and to screen for blood disease. Nowadays, blood smear test represents a simple and cheap method to estimate the morphology of blood components and to achieve qualitative information regarding the red cell hemoglobinization. Although blood smear is an important analysis for blood disorders, it provides two dimensional morphometric values of cells and this could mislead regarding the real shape of red blood cells. We reveal a fast in-line cytotomographic method for full characterization of erythrocytes operating in a microfluidic channel at lab-on-a-chip scale. Whereas RBCs are flowing and rolling along a micro channel, each tomogram can be obtained without any a priori knowledge of the rotation angle of the cell that instead is retrieved from its focusing properties. We demonstrate here an accurate and complete 3D classification of RBCs thus adding a new label-free diagnostic tool for fast blood analysis and effective disease screening. - Author(s): P. Dardano ; A. Caliò ; J. Politi ; I. Rea ; I. Rendina ; L. De Stefano
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Microneedles have been widely applied in biomedicine as tools both in diagnostics and therapeutics. In fact, microneedles are useful and painless interface between human derma and biomedical devices. We improved microneedles array features by integrating a porous silicon membrane as reservoir and optical monitor, thus realizing a smart device for local drug delivery. In this paper, we present fabrication and characterization of a patch device loaded by fluorescein molecules, as a proof of concept. - Author(s): R. Mercatelli ; F. Ratto ; F. Rossi ; F. Tatini ; L. Menabuoni ; R. Nicoletti ; R. Pini ; F.S. Pavone ; R. Cicchi
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83 (3 .)
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Keratoconus is an ophthalmic disease in which the cornea acquires an abnormal conical shape that prevents the correct focusing on the retina, causing visual impairment. The late diagnosis of keratoconus is among the principal causes of corneal transplantation surgery. In several previous studies, a different organization sutural lamellae was observed in keratoconic corneas compared to healthy corneas. This study is intended to investigate this anomaly by means of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy, using an optical scheme relevant for clinical applications. In particular, we propose a method based on 3D correlation of SHG image stacks, able to appreciate statistical differences in the orientation distribution of sutural lamellae between healthy and keratoconic corneas. The proposed method offers the potential for diagnosing keratoconus in an early stage. - Author(s): F. Mochi ; P. Prosposito ; R. Francini ; F. De Matteis ; S. Melino ; M. Ciocci ; P. Di Nardo ; V. Ksianzou ; S. Schrader ; M. Casalboni
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84 (4 .)
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The present study is focused on the study of novel 3D hydrogel scaffolds for regenerative medicine. We are studying how shape, geometry, stiffness and in general the mechanical properties of the three dimensional scaffolds affect the mechanism of cellular differentiation. The physical features of the scaffolds, as the biochemical factors, determinate the fate of the steam cell. We fabricated innovative wood-pile structures to be hosted in into a hydrogel of poly ethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGda) in order to tailor the stiffness and elasticity of the final structures. These 3D scaffolds were obtained by an easy and low cost technique based on microstereolithography (μ-SLA) exploiting a commercial projector. We achieved resolution of about 200 microns. This simple method allows an advanced control of pore microarchitecture and the inclusion of microbubbles with various functionalities. The mechanical, morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics are discussed. Moreover, the effects of the structured scaffolds on the proliferation of adult stem cells is analysed in view of the fabrication of portion of contractile cardiac muscle to be obtained in vitro. - Author(s): A. Militello ; M. Borra ; F. Bisegna ; C. Burattini ; C. Grandi
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85 (4 .)
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Beside some documented benefits attributed to ultraviolet solar radiation (solar UVR), a lot of adverse effects are a consequence of a chronic exposure, including the occurrence of photo-induced skin cancer. Improvement in risks perception, due to UVR overexposure, in the case of occupational or recreational exposure, is of great importance for public health. The amount of exposure to UVR has to be assessed as accurately as possible, with the aim to characterize different exposure conditions and, by their appropriate management, to prevent adverse health effects attributed to prolonged exposure to solar radiation (SR). The available technology allows to acquire such information, either using miniaturized and wearable sensors, or through devices who exploit radiative transfer models by integrating satellite-based radiometric data with meteorological data. We proceeded to an intercomparison to evaluate the performance of different devices in three commonly exposure conditions. Applications using satellite data, developed for preventing sunburn during recreational exposure, are adeguate for that purpose, while for a more accurate exposure assessment, only those which evaluate the irradiance in near real-time provide acceptable results. Unlike earlier, the low-cost devices that use wearable sensors showed inadequate performance for our purpose. - Author(s): G. Romano ; S. Calusi ; A. Gnerucci ; B. Orsini ; P. Faraoni ; G. Tortora ; A. Menciassi ; F. Fusi
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86 (4 .)
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In the framework of the increasing phenomenon of antibiotic-resistant infections, those caused by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) have a particular significance, being worldwide diffused and associated with severe pathologies, among which gastric cancer. To overcome antibiotic-resistance, we propose the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT), based upon cytotoxic species production following bacteria illumination with visible light. In the case of Hp infection, this is due to the presence of endogenous light absorbers (porphyrins). To perform intra-gastric PDT, we have recently designed an illuminating ingestible device equipped with LED sources, where a crucial parameter is the choice of the emission wavelengths optimizing Hp photo-killing. For this purpose, both porphyrin absorption peaks and optical penetration in tissues have to be carefully accounted. By merging data on Hp porphyrin absorption spectrum with those coming by a Monte-Carlo optical modelling for illumination of the stomach wall surface, we have calculated the relative Hp photo-killing efficacy in three representative tissue models in the 400-650nm range. Results indicate that in thicker models, the red wavelengths are ultimately more effective than the blue-shifted ones, due to the greater penetration length in tissues despite a minor porphyrin absorption. - Author(s): M. Mugnano ; A. Calabuig ; L. Miccio ; S. Grilli ; P. Ferraro
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87 (4 .)
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Phototoxicity often occurs upon exposing cells to illumination from lasers and high-intensity arc-discharge lamps and is critical to long-term live cell imaging studies [1]. This issue still receives too little attention by researchers. Generally, this problem could be solved choosing for the lowest intensity and shortest exposure time possible for the optical setup. Not only power plays an important role in phototoxicity, but the photon energy should also be considered. It is known that organic materials inside the cell absorb ultraviolet or visible light depending on the molecular compounds. In this way, the cell system behaviour highly depend on the energy and power used to analyse live cell imaging. Accordingly, when visible light is used to study the cell dynamics, both aspects should be considered in order to perform good experiments and best behaviour descriptions. For example, some quantitative methods for measuring phototoxicity in live-cell imaging has been proposed for the fluorescent microscopy [2], nevertheless such methods are restricted only to this technique. Recently, a new advanced microscopy technique, called digital holographic microscopy (DHM) has been widely used to make quantitative measurements and diagnostics in biological specimens by phase retrieving [3]. The technique has many advantages, non-invasiveness is one of the most important. However, as light is also used to analyze the specimens, the role of phototoxicity must be considered and understood. That is why we have worked to obtain a quantitative method for studying the limits between injurious and safe exposure conditions by a DHM apparatus. To validate the technique, a blue laser of 473 nm has been used as laser source to illuminate fibroblast NIH-3T3, used as live test sample. The in-vitro experiments are carried out by means of a micro-incubator to ensure optimal cellular environment. Sigmoidal curve is retrieved by analyzing the temporal variation of phase from the cell death process. Thus, quantitative information about morphology, volume and death time are obtained. Moreover, this technique also can be used to characterize the morphological features between necrotic or apoptotic cell death pathways. Our method is widely applicable and we show that it can be adapted to other paradigms, including other cell culture lines and other wavelength ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum. - Author(s): S. Anand ; R. Cicchi ; A. Crisci ; G. Nesi ; M. Carini ; F.S. Pavone
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88 (3 .)
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The current diagnostic standard for detection of bladder tumors is standard white light cystoscopy. The major concerns related to cystoscopy include its invasive, causes discomfort to the patient and also misses flat tumors such as carcinoma in situ (CIS). Grading and staging of tumors would help the clinician for selecting the proper treatment thereby preventing recurrence and progression of bladder tumors. In this context, we propose to use different optical techniques based on fluorescence, diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy to obtain complementary information for the grading and staging of bladder tumors. Spectroscopic techniques offer the advantage of being minimally invasive, real time and quantitative. We used fluorescence excitation at two distinct wavelengths, 378 and 445 nm excitation. Considerable differences were observed in the wavelength range between 520 and 650 nm of the emission spectra. Raman spectroscopy yields biochemical spectral fingerprints typical of normal and tumor tissues. The advantage of Raman spectroscopy is that it provides spectral signatures which are unique for each molecule. Additionally, reflectance spectroscopy could provide information related to tissue vasculature and scattering phenomena which is found to vary between normal and tumor tissues. - Author(s): L. Lancellotti ; L. Sansone ; E. Bobeico ; M. Casalino ; M. Della Noce ; M. Iodice ; M. Giordano ; P.D. Veneri
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89 (4 .)
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In this work a silicon based hybrid junction solar cell with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) as top contact and including a layer composed by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilan (APTES) and soluble graphene oxide (GO) with the structure of TCO/AGO/Si (where the layer formed by APTES and GO is referred to as AGO) was fabricated and tested. The realized structure had the typical scheme of a metal-insulator-semiconductor silicon based solar cell where the conventional metal front contact was substituted with a ZnO:Al (AZO) transparent layer and a low-cost and easy-to-fabricate insulating layer (AGO) replaced the conventional interfacial SiOx layer. The analysis of the photovoltaic parameters allowed to put in evidence the beneficial effect of the fully transparent top contact as well as the role of the AGO interfacial layer. In particular, the measured external quantum efficiency of the AZO/AGO/Si solar cell reached values above 80% in the central part of the visible spectrum, with short circuit current of about 30mA/cm2, while the power conversion efficiency resulted more than two times higher than that of the device without the incorporation of the AGO layer. The coupling, for the first time at our knowledge, of TCO layer and a GO layer in a silicon based solar cell, opens the door for several applications in photovoltaic and other optoelectronic devices. - Author(s): A. De Maria ; V. La Ferrara ; L.V. Mercaldo ; E. Bobeico ; T. Di Luccio ; P. Delli Veneri
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90 (4 .)
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CH3NH3PbI3 layers have been prepared by two-step procedure (spin coating and dipping) on flat substrates under ambient conditions with uncontrolled relative humidity. The films have been characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, absorption coefficient and x-ray diffraction when varying spinning rate, washing procedure, and dipping time. In particular a novel washing procedure has been developed to improve the film uniformity. The material has been tested as absorber layer in simplified solar cells by fabricating hole transport material free solar cells on flat substrates. The results demonstrate the possibility to realize planar solar cells even under uncontrolled conditions. - Author(s): C. Giubani ; R. Mercatelli ; F. Vanzi ; R. Cicchi ; F.S. Pavone
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91 (3 .)
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Zebrafish is a model organism in developmental biology for several reasons, including the fact that Zebrafish embryos are translucent and this enables the study of tissue development under a microscope. This study is aimed at developing methodologies for characterizing the metabolic state of different tissues during development and in different controlled environmental conditions. Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) were used to study different tissues during embryos development and to characterize them in various controlled environmental conditions. The extensive anatomical mapping of the Zebrafish embryos was obtained through the detection of autofluorescence. Differences in metabolism among different organs were observed by measuring NADH/FAD ratio and free NADH / bound NADH ratio. The proposed method has the potential for monitoring embryo metabolism in different conditions during development. - Author(s): S. Lai ; L. Zani ; S. Centi ; F. Ratto ; R. Pini ; M. Calamante ; A. Mordini ; G. Reginato ; M. Mazzoni
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92 (4 .)
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Gold nanorods (GNRs) were investigated to enhance light absorptionin co-sentitized dye solar cells (c-DSSC), thanks to their plasmonic characteristics. Pastes were obtained by directly mixing GNRs with titania. The resulting thin films differ for sintering conditions and GNRs concentration. The reported study is based on the absorbance spectra of the different samples, together with SEM and TEM to corroborate the results of the spectroscopic analysis on the transformation of GNRs morphology consequent to the different conditions utilized for TiO2 sintering. We tested these cells with organic dyes that could substitute the more expensive and toxic Ru complexes. - Author(s): A. Castaldo ; M. Ferrara ; A. Antonaia
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93 (4 .)
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Optically selective low-emissive (low-E) filters, constituted of different ultrathin layers and suitable to an effective employment in glazing technology for low energy consumption buildings have been designed and fabricated on glass by means of sputtering technique. Sputtering process parameters, layers sequence of the stacked structure and thicknesses of the layers have been selected by means of a semi-empirical approach. Once defined optical requirements of high visible transmittance and low emissivity (< 5%), proper materials have been selected as metals and ceramics to create the optical filter. In particular, silver as highly IR reflecting metal and aluminium nitride as transparent insulating material, have been alternated in a very simple and highly effective coating formulation. However, preliminary optical simulation of optimized low-E coating did not take into account critical technological aspects such as the difficulty in producing high metallic quality ultrathin Ag layers and the undesired photo-emissive metal-nitrogen complexes formation at the Ag/MN interfaces. The goal of obtaining Ag ultrathin compact layers has been reached with the aid of a proper aluminium nitride as adaptive layer. At the same time the chemical reactivity at the metal/ceramic interface (with consequent photo-emissive defects formation) has been prevented working in transition regime during AIN reactive sputtering process. In conclusion, a very simple low cost sputtering process is proposed for fabricating highly effective low-E coatings on large area glasses. - Author(s): M. Gelfusa ; A. Murari ; M. Lungaroni ; A. Malizia ; S. Parracino ; E. Peluso ; J. Vega ; L. De Leo ; C. Perrimezzi ; P. Gaudio
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94 (4 .)
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Traditionally, the LIDAR technique has been successfully applied to the detection of concentrated smoke plumes emitted by wildfires. In this paper, it is shown how LIDAR measurements can also be deployed to determine the profile of the backscattering coefficient in the presence of widespread smoke, which can be the consequence of strong wind dispersion or non-concentrated sources. To this end, innovative signal processing techniques and data analysis tools have been developed. A systematic series of numerical tests has been performed to assess the potential and limits of the proposed methodology. The first investigations of experimental data have already provided promising results. - Author(s): M.L. Grilli ; A. Sytchkova ; M.R. Mancini ; F. Zurlo ; G. Hu ; E. Di Bartolomeo ; A. Piegari
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95 (4 .)
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Conductive non stoichiometric TiO2-based films attract considerable interest for their photocatalytic, photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical applications. In this work, transparent and conductive TiOx and TiO2:Nb films were fabricated by e-beam evaporation at 250°C in oxygen deficient atmosphere starting from commercial powders, while TiO2:Nb films and TiO2:Nb/Ti multilayer systems were grown at room temperature by radio frequency sputtering in Ar atmosphere starting from TiO2:Nb and Ti targets. In all cases, an accurate control of oxygen partial pressure during the growth process was necessary and, in some cases, additional post deposition treatments in reducing atmosphere were applied aiming to decrease the electrical resistivity of the samples. The optical, electrical, structural and morphological characteristics of the different films were investigated and correlated to the process parameters. - Author(s): N. Brancati ; A. D'Arco ; M.A. Ferrara ; M. Indolfi ; L. Sirleto ; M. Frucci
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96 (4 .)
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In this paper, a methodology for the analysis of subcellular morphology with chemical specificity, for images obtained by Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy, is described. In order to detect microstructures inside the cells, a segmentation method based on a threshold algorithm and on a region growing process is proposed. Validation tests on images of polystyrene beads and of on adipocyte cells are reported, demonstrating the feasibility of our approach. - Author(s): I. Osticioli ; A.A. Mencaglia ; D. Ciofini ; S. Siano
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97 (4 .)
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In this work Raman spectroscopy was employed for the detection of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of some thermoplastic polymers and natural terpenoid resins. In particular, our attention was focused on evaluating the Tg of polystyrene and colophony. The measurements returned Tg values in accordance with those reported in the literature obtained using the DSC technique, thus confirming the reliability of the approach proposed herein. Further studies will be focused on the evaluation of Tg temperature changes depending on materials treatments and ageing. - Author(s): J. Agresti ; I. Cacciari ; S. Siano
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98 (4 .)
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Here, crater geometries produced by the ablation process during laser induced plasma spectroscopy elemental depth profiling, are investigated by means of 3D microscopy. Deep depth profiles are often required in the characterization of cultural heritage artefacts such as archaeological bronzes. This work aims at finding the optimal irradiance conditions in order to sample large depths in bronzes with minimal invasiveness. - Author(s): D. Ciofini and S. Siano
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99 (4 .)
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In this work, Vis-NIR steady-state photoluminescence (PL) emission and Vis-NIR reflection spectroscopy were used in order to investigate the effects induced on modern paint layers by LQS Nd:YAG(1064 nm) laser at subablative fluences. Cadmium yellow (Cdy), lithopone white (Liw) and chromium oxide green (Crg) pigments with and without oil matrix were investigated. The setup proposed allowed collecting reliable information on PL, color and morphology changes upon laser irradiation. Furthermore, the results achieved led to recognize, for the first time, the oil matrix alteration as the early trigger of the photothermal effects.
Web-Based Spatial Decision Support Systems to Monitor and Manage Coastal Environments
Thermal-vacuum optical characterization of next-generation lunar laser retroreflectors
Dynamic Lighting For Space Habitats
Towards a sensor based on random laser emission
Multi-modal optical imaging of brain plasticity after stroke
Characterization of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Using Multimodal Multiphoton Microscopy
Functional imaging of zebrafish neuronal activity by Bessel beam light-sheet microscopy
Imaging of calcium signalling in plant roots by light sheet fluorescence microscopy
THz Characterization of Corroded Metals: The Influence of Surface Roughness
Optical Detection Of Tumour Cell Aggressiveness By Means Of 3D Silicon Micromachined Structures
Solution-Processed Indium Doped Zinc Oxide as Electron Transport Layer for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
Insight into the Current Output of Polymer Solar Cells: A Comparison Between The Standard And Inverted Architecture
The next generation: miniaturized objects, self powered using nanostructures to harvest ambient energy
Nanopores within 3D-structured gold film for sensing applications
UTOFIA Project: A novel MOPA laser source for a compact, cost-effective system for underwater range-gated imaging
Reliability of mid-power LEDs for lighting applications
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Study of Conjunctival Surface Epithelium in Dry-Eye Syndrome
Raman spectroscopy and digital holography reveal visible light photodamage on human sperm cells
Identification and classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells from peripheral blood by using Raman spectroscopy
Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy in Single Cell
Single Molecule Study of Processive Myosin Motors
Tomographic Phase Microscopy as a tool for red blood cell morphological analysis
Optical Monitoring of Drug Release in Hybrid Patch Based on Polymer Microneedles and Porous Silicon Membrane
Morphological Characterization of Human Keratoconic Corneas by SHG Microscopy
Advanced biocompatible photolithographic scaffolds for tissue engineering
Smart Technologies: Useful Tools to Assess the Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation for General Population and Outdoor Workers
Optical modelling of the gastric tissue to optimize the phototherapy efficacy against H. pylori infection
Quantitative phase-imaging method for measuring the phototoxicity effects of blue light on in-vitro cell
Multimodal fiber optic based spectroscopic approach for the grading and staging of bladder tumors
Graphene like materials in TCO/silicon Schottky junction solar cells
Solution-processed perovskite thin films for planar solar cells under ambient conditions
Characterization of the metabolic conditions of different tissues during Zebrafish development by non-linear microscopy
Gold Nanorods Absorption Enhancement in a TiO2 paste treated with Tylose for Co-sensitized DSSCs
Low emission sputtered coatings for smart glazing
On the Determination of the Backscattering Profile with Lidar in Presence of Widespread Smoke
Optical and Electrical Properties of Tio2 Based Transparent Conductive Films and Multilayer Systems Fabricated by Radio Frequency Sputtering and E-Beam Evaporation
Features extraction for images from stimulated Raman scattering
Detection of the Glass Transition of Polymers Used in Art and Art-Conservation Using Raman Spectroscopy
Optimized laser ablation elemental depth profiling of bronzes using 3D microscopy
Spectroscopic Characterisation of Laser-Induced Effects on Modern Paint Layers
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- Author(s): A. Colombelli ; M.G. Manera ; A. Taurino ; R. Rella
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39 (4 .)
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In this work a fast, cheap and reproducible strategy for the realization of gold nanoparticles (NPs) over large areas is presented and their unique optical properties due to the excitation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances (LSPR) investigated. Based on thermal de-wetting of thin metal films, this fabrication method allows the realization of waferscale homogeneous distributions of gold nano-islands on planar substrates, providing an interesting alternative to sequential and very expensive manufacture techniques. Furthermore, a numerical method for the description of the optical and functional properties of the proposed metal nanostructures is proposed. Single and multiple gold nanostructures distributed on planar substrates are studied by exploring their possible application as label-free chemical sensors. The proposed analytical method is applied in particular for the study of possible interactions between plasmonic NPs and resonant organo-metallic molecules deposited in form of thin films on the metal nanostructures. The key factors determining the performances of this hybrid plasmonic material as chemical sensor are investigated. - Author(s): L. Montalto ; D. Rinaldi ; L. Scalise ; N. Paone ; F. Davì
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40 (5 .)
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Naturally birefringent crystals are fundamental components of devices with many fields of application, from high energy physics and biomedical devices, to lasers. Crystals functional properties are related to their quality. Non-destructive tests are mandatory to check and improve the quality of these expensive materials as well as to control the growth process. In this paper, a set of methods are presented, based on photoelasticity. The classical diffuse light Photoelasticity, laser Conoscopy and laser Sphenoscopy are discussed and compared. Each technique has shown reliability and sensitivity to the crystal stress condition. The work discusses the main characteristics of these techniques; from the simple optical set-up of the diffuse light technique, limited to volume measurements, to the extremely high resolution of the laser Conoscopy achieved through a more complex optical lay-out and, finally, to the fast and easy data analysis of Sphenoscopy. - Author(s): M.C. Cardilli ; M. Dabbicco ; V. Iakovlev ; G. Scamarcio
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41(4 .)
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Self-mixing based on Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL), offers a compact and low-cost coherent detection scheme for interferometric accessible measurements. The direct detection of the junction voltage change simplifies the setup further by adding detector-less capability. The linewidth of a NIR VCSEL was estimated by using a method based on the statistical analysis of the Laser Self-Mixing fringe period in the moderate feedback regime. We compared the traditional optical power modulation measurements with the detector-less voltage self-mixing signal. A high SNR was obtained for both signals and the measured linewidths are in good agreement within the experimental errors. - Author(s): M. Olivero ; R. Orta ; G. Perrone ; L. Greborio ; P. Pellegrino ; P. Regio
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42 (3 .)
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This work discusses the phenomenon of multipath interference in bend-insensitive optical fibers and components that arises when these devices work at wavelengths approaching the multimode regime. After recalling the rationale behind this study and some technical hints about the measurement setup, the paper focuses on the characterization of field-installable connectors and optical fiber splitters that are used in passive optical networks. It is shown that these components exhibit non-negligible, yet acceptable, levels of multipath interference at wavelengths shorter than 1300 nm and sets an outlook about their impact on access networks. - Author(s): S. Agnese ; P. Alessandro ; S. Fabio ; G. Enrico ; R. Gianluca ; R. Filippo
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43 (4 .)
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The fabrication and biological application of a grating-based plasmonic lab-on-chip aimed at the parallel detection of multiple reactions are here demonstrated. This work answers to the recent biosensing requirements of high throughput and compact detection equipment. Laser interference lithography (LIL), UV photolithography and metal etching techniques were combined to realize a compact device able to support up to 100 biological reactions in a 1 mm2 sensing area. Avidin physisorption onto the sensing surface was used as model reaction. We here show the potentialities of the system by monitoring four biological events in parallel. - Author(s): F. Carpignano ; R. Bombera ; A. Frangolho ; P. Pellacani ; L. Fornasari ; C. Schafer-Nielsen ; F. Marabelli ; G. Marchesini ; P. Colpo
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44 (4 .)
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The advances in proteomics and genomics have led to discover a lot of biomarkers that can potentially be used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of diseases. Simultaneously, a huge research effort has been invested in developing biosensors that could monitor the interaction of biological materials. Such sensors are required to be fast, real time, label free and highly sensitive to the appropriate biomarker. One of the possible solutions is surface plasmon resonance imaging (iSPR) biosensor. Nevertheless, some important milestones still need to be reached for a successful application. Indeed, iSPR instruments commercially available have a poor sensitivity to low biomarker concentration and they are quite expensive. In this paper, we show a compact instrument, called Imaging NanoplasmonicsTM (iNPx), designed to overcome these limits. A nanostructured interface is introduced to increase the sensitivity of different immunoassay reactions and with the use of a very low volume of material. Then, as a proof of principle, we report an example of specific application for the monitoring of the interaction between some variants of FLAG peptides with the monoclonal antibody Anti-FLAG. The proposed platform allows extreme versatility for multiplexed diagnostic and/or food quality applications. - Author(s): M.G. Manera ; A. Colombelli ; A. Taurino ; R. Rella
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45 (4 .)
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In this work, for the first time, Au nanostructures are investigated in a transverse magneto-optical (MO) configuration coupled to a Kretschmann experimental setup; a sizable MO activity can be recognized by using an external magnetic field of low intensity. Modelling tools are used to predict and realize a proper design of the investigated materials tailored on the nanoscale. Optical and morphological properties will be correlated with functional properties of the realized Au nanostructured deposited on glass substrates nanostructures by showing that the recorded MO signal can be used as a novel transducer probe for refractive index sensing. A comparison between “standard” plasmonic detection techniques and the proposed magneto-plasmonic detection demonstrates a significant increase in the sensing performance of this new transductor with respect to standard plasmonic transducers. - Author(s): M.C. Cardilli ; M. Dabbicco ; G. Scamarcio
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46 (4 .)
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The frequency noise power spectral density (FNPSD) of a room-temperature distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) was calculated by performing voltage noise measurements directly at the laser terminals. The integration of the FNPSD allowed estimating the linewidth of the laser both free-running and under optical feedback by using the β-line method. The comparison with the recently reported linewidth measured on the same device by laser self-mixing interferometry is in excellent quantitative agreement, demonstrating the strong coupling between frequency and voltage fluctuation in QCL laser in the low frequency range. - Author(s): L. Schenato ; E. Garbin ; L. Palmieri ; A. Pasuto ; C. Modena ; A. Galtarossa
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47 (4 .)
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We have applied a commercial optical frequency domain reflectometer with high spatial resolution to measure the strain exerted on an aluminium specimen under tensile strength (open hole) test. The strain profile has been measured until failure by means of an optical fibre and by ten standard electric strain gauges. The matching between the measurement data provided by the two techniques at the strain gauges positions is excellent, except in the proximity of the hole, where the strain gradient is maximum. Due to that, a precise correspondence between optical fibre and strain gauges position near the hole is mandatory in order to measure the same strain value. The resolution attainable by the optical system, that has not counterpart in any electrical systems, enables an unprecedented spatial sampling, thus allowing a much better characterization of the strain profile along the sample. - Author(s): F. Carpignano ; S. Surdo ; G. Barillaro ; S. Merlo
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48 (4 .)
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In recent years the development of silicon micromachining technologies has required more efforts in research to find non-contact measurement techniques for in-depth, non-destructive inspection of layered and microstructured samples. In this work, we apply a optical low-coherence reflectometry for in-plane and out-of-plane measurements aimed at detecting the optical path between hidden interfaces of several silicon devices with characteristic distance in the range 3 - 17 μm. The implemented configuration is based on a fiberoptic Michelson interferometer and it used infrared broadband radiation in the wavelength range of 1.2 - 1.7 μm, exhibiting a coherence length shorter than 2 μm. Out-of-plane measurements were performed to detect the optical pathlength of the main structural layers of a MEMS gyroscope. Moreover, in-plane measurements on vertical periodic silicon/air microstructures allowed us to detect the optical path among several silicon/air interfaces. Arrays with different spatial period were tested and the optical distance between hidden interfaces was obtained with high in-depth resolution. The results were in good agreement with the design parameters of the specific device. The proposed spot optical technique is a powerful and highly versatile diagnostic tool for non-destructive testing of silicon devices. - Author(s): N. Cennamo ; L. De Maria ; C. Chemelli ; P. Zuppella ; M.G. Pelizzo ; A.J. Corso ; M. Pesavento ; F. Mattiello ; L. Zeni
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49 (4 .)
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In this work, we report the design, implementation and characterization of SPR sensors in a D-shaped plastic optical fiber (POF), based on thin bilayers of different metals, combined titanium and gold films or palladium and gold films. These optical sensor platforms may be used for monitoring different bio-chemical receptors, particularly those with refractive indexes exceeding the typical values of aqueous phases, like for example polymeric artificial receptors. In this work different configurations have been investigated, which are all appropriate for molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) receptors. - Author(s): F. Esposito ; R. Ranjan ; A. Iadicicco ; A. Stăncălie ; D. Sporea ; S. Campopiano
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50 (4 .)
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Here we present our results in the fabrication of Long Period Gratings (LPGs), through the Electric Arc Discharge technique, in standard communication optical fibers and two different optical fibers made of pure-silica core and Fluorine-doped cladding. In last years, F-doped fibers have been studied, since they represent a suitable solution in high-energy applications, due to their radiation hard properties. First, we present the accomplishments of our Electric Arc Discharge based technique, for the fabrication in SMF28 fiber. The optimization of the parameters lead us to the inscription of short LPGs with deep attenuation bands (more than to 30 dB), narrow bandwidths and with a wide choice of spatial periods. Afterwards, we report the results obtained in the fabrication of LPGs in F-doped fibers: gratings were achieved with maximum attenuation band depths in range 2530 dB and low power losses. The analysis of the sensitivity to temperature and surrounding refractive index (SRI) changes was also carried out, and the results have been compared to those in standard fiber. We found out that gratings in F-doped fibers exhibit a slightly lower temperature response, whereas the SRI sensitivity is higher than in standard fiber, providing in our opinion the opportunity of novel applications. - Author(s): C. Chemelli ; L. De Maria ; S. Marchionna ; R. Malgesini ; G. Pirovano
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51 (4 .)
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Several thin transparent and conductive films composed of conductive oxides (ITO) and metallic ultrathin layers (Ag, Au, Ti) have been deposited on flexible polycarbonate substrate and characterized in terms of optical transmittance, electrical conductivity and electric field screening efficiency. Thin films properties were evaluated with respect to the requirement concerning conductive garments described in Standard IEC 60895 “Live working -Conductive clothing” for workers operating on High Voltage or Ultra High Voltage live lines. Results show that the investigated multilayers could be adopted as facial masks for protection of workers from drift currents and electric field exposure, offering better alternative in electric performances and wearing comfort than previously tested metallic nets. - Author(s): F. Battisti ; S. Pastore ; L. Scapin ; L. Lessio
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52 (4 .)
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Food producing and processing industries face with several challenges regarding food illumination (e.g., providing a high quality light experience and color rendering while facilitating inspections) and using Ultraviolet (UV) light for sanitizing, disinfection or germicidal treatments both in food production lines and for the food itself directly or through tools (i.e., used in packaging and processing). The paper describes the development of an innovative product, called RLTProFood (remote LED light technology for processing and producing food), that was designed for giving a customized LED-based lighting system able to deliver different source light from visible to UV according the benefits required by customers. Currently developed in two main configurations (e.g., LED visible light and UV LED light), the product has its main application in the context of processing and producing fresh and possibly organic food especially fruits and vegetables. - Author(s): A. Longo ; G. Ambrosone ; U. Coscia ; G. Carotenuto
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53 (4 .)
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The reduction process of the graphene oxide colloidal dispersion in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone by microwave heating is presented. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (tr-GO) stable dispersions have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible absorption and emission spectroscopies, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It results from the emission spectroscopy analysis that the thermal reduction process leads to a complete disappearance of the graphene oxide luminescence. These different properties of GO and tr-GO can be advantageously used for optoelectronic applications. - Author(s): U. Coscia ; M. Palomba ; G. Ambrosone ; G. Barucca ; G. Carotenuto
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54 (4 .)
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An effective micromechanical technique to prepare graphene multilayers on low density polyethylene (LDPE) substrates was carried out. This fabrication method, based on the spreading of graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) onto a LDPE film surface by using shear stress and friction force, allows to obtain large area specimens. The morphological and structural properties of the GNP precursor and graphene multilayers supported by LDPE were investigated. The graphene-LDPE samples showed negative photoconductivity under white-light illumination with an optical power density of 84.6 mW/cm2, varying the bias voltage from -120 to 120 mV. - Author(s): D. Natale ; P. Di Palma ; S. Campopiano ; A. Iadicicco
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55 (4 .)
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In this study, we show an extrinsic pressure sensor consisting in a Fabry-Perot cavity realized on single mode fiber tip. The first mirror is given by the end of the optical fiber, that accurately cut, acts as reflecting mirror. The other one is made of a thin and elastic metallic diaphragm. Stressed by an external pressure, the metallic diaphragm bends, changing the optical cavity length and, therefore, the characteristics of the reflected signal. The holder structure, which allows the alignment of the fiber tip and reflecting diaphragm, is a commercial zirconia ferrule with external diameter of Dex = 2.5 mm. Although its construction procedure results simple and cheap, the results show performance comparable to more complex and expensive configurations. By using an aluminium plate as reflecting diaphragm of 100 μm thickness, sensitivity ranging in the 70-130pm/mmHg is experimentally demonstrated. - Author(s): A. Minardo ; E. Catalano ; L. Zeni ; R. Agliata ; R. Greco ; L. Mollo
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56 (3 .)
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The thermal response of an active optical fiber cable, put in contact with a sample of Neapolitan yellow tuff with varying moisture content, has been measured by a Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA) sensor. Preliminary results demonstrate that the thermal response acquired by the BOTDA sensor can be used to monitor the moisture content in the tuff material. - Author(s): G. Persichetti ; I.A. Grimaldi ; G. Onorato ; G. Testa ; R. Bernini
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57 (3 .)
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An on-chip optofluidic sensor based on liquid jet waveguide has been developed. Laser induced fluorescence takes advantage of the waveguiding nature of a jet stream to detect, at very low detection limits, common fluorophore. Tests performed on eosin Y in water demonstrated detection at 38 pM level. The proposed approach provides high excitation and collection efficiency of the sample under analysis, avoiding, at the same time, background noise that commonly affects fluorescence spectroscopy of liquids. - Author(s): I.A. Grimaldi ; G. Testa ; R. Bernini ; S. Berneschi ; F. Baldini ; G.N. Conti
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SU-8 based polymeric microbottle resonators are fabricated by an innovative self-assembled process. The dispensing of a precise quantity of SU-8 on a fiber stem combined with UV crosslinking process allows the development of high quality microbottle resonators. Geometrical size, in terms of bottle radii and neck-to-neck distance, can be widely modified by controlling the dispensed resist volume. Planar waveguides are chosen as interrogation system of whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbottle resonator. Quality factors (Q), evaluated by Lorentzian fit of the resonance peaks in the transmission spectrum, higher than 105 are measured for the fabricated bottle resonators. - Author(s): E. Golinelli ; U. Perini ; G. Ogliari
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We present a new portable measuring system based on IR laser aimed at the measurement of the clearance to ground of an overhead power line conductor. Test results relevant to the performance characterization of the system will also be presented. The system can perform in real time very accurate measurements of the conductor clearance to ground, and it can be also used for the detection of snow or ice sleeves and to study their growth. Measurements can be taken also during rain or snow precipitations. The system can operate from ground position, so there is no need of out of service of the line for the system installation.
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