8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016)
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- Location: Glasgow, UK
- Conference date: 19-21 April 2016
- ISBN: 978-1-78561-188-9
- Conference number: CP684
- The following topics are dealt with: induction machines; wide band gap devices; energy storage; HVDC converters; HF converter; grid interface converters; DC-DC converters; aerospace systems; solar power systems; photovoltaic power systems; tidal power systems; wave power systems; sensorless machine control; thermal management; electric traction; multilevel converters; wind power; motion control; rail systems; automotive systems; actuators; grid connection; power distribution; converter topology; inverter control; reluctance machines; permanent magnet machines; power semiconductor devices; machine drive control; condition monitoring; insulation aging; power quality; demand side control; aerospace machine; marine applications; electromagnetic compatibility; industrial applications; electric fuel cell; hybrid vehicles; and smart grids.
1 - 20 of 257 items found
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Analysis of the electromagnetic acoustic noise and vibrations of a high-speed brushless DC motor
- Author(s): J. Le Besnerais ; Q. Souron ; E. Devillers
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In this paper, the acoustic noise and vibrations due to Maxwell forces of a 4-pole, 12-slot, high-speed brushless DC motor (BLDC) is analysed up to 90 kRPM. The harmonic magnetic forces present in the machine are first analytically characterized, and validated with numerical simulations using MANATEE® electromagnetic and vibro-acoustic software. The effects of rotor vibrations due to bearing faults, pole displacements and eccentricities are considered. Finally, some complete experimental measurements relying on “spatiogram” techniques are run to characterize the vibration waves (wavenumber and frequency) involved in acoustic noise generation. These results are compared to simulations and it is demonstrated that the observed high acoustic noise is due to machine imperfections creating harmonic forces exciting the bending mode of the shaft and the stator elliptical mode.
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A 25 W 27.12 MHz wireless power transfer system
- Author(s): S. Aldhaher ; D.C. Yates ; P.D. Mitcheson
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A Class EF2 DC/AC inverter and a Class EF2 AC/DC rectifier are presented for a 25 W inductive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system operating at a frequency of 27.12 MHz. Class EF2 inverters and rectifiers are similar in construction to Class E circuits, but they contain an additional series LC circuit connected across the switch that is tuned to resonate at the second harmonic of the switching frequency. This additional resonant circuit allows Class EF2 inverters and rectifiers to have less voltage stresses, increased power-output capability, improved performance and reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI) than Class E circuits. Consequently, these improved features of the Class EF2 topology over the Class E topology can be beneficial in a WPT application.
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Obtaining dynamic Norton parameters of a solar panel from manufacturer data
- Author(s): A. Kuperman ; S. Lineykin ; V.L. Brano ; G. Ciulla ; T. Suntio
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Photovoltaic arrays have been shown to possess significant influence on the dynamic performance of coupled source-converter-load system while its dynamic resistance is the most important parameter, contributing to the overall system dynamics. In this paper, a method of deriving the parameters of linearized photovoltaic equivalent circuit from manufacturer data is proposed. The approach allows predicting the range of dynamic Norton parameters for the expected irradiation and temperature operation conditions thus defining clear bounds required for robust design of the system controller.
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Half-bridge modular multilevel-based HVDC converters with external pre-charged capacitors for dc fault current suppression capability
- Author(s): A. Elserougi ; S. Ahmed ; A. Massoud
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Half-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converters (HB-MMCs) are defenseless against DC side faults. Different types of DC Circuit Breakers (DCCBs) assisted with arrester banks/damping resistors such as solid-state CBs and hybrid DCCBs can be used to interrupt the DC fault current. Arrester banks are used to block any overvoltage after interrupting the fault current and in turn to demagnetize the circuit inductors. The main disadvantage of the arresters is that they forcibly break apart when they are overloaded. In this work, an arrester-less DC fault current limiter is proposed for HBMMC configuration. The proposed DC fault current limiter has two pre-charged capacitors in series with transmission poles. These pre-charged capacitors are bypassed during normal conditions, while they are inserted in the DC current path during DC side fault to limit the grid current contribution into the dc fault. The proposed protection scheme is assessed using a simulation study.
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A modular control and power isolation platform for power electronics research and development
- Author(s): W.L. Malan ; M.A.H. Broadmeadow ; G.R. Walker
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Power and control isolation is necessary for many applications including isolated gate drive supply, device characterisation and the testing of power electronics converters. Commonly the isolation stage is integrated directly into the converter and therefore cannot easily be repurposed for another project, serviced in case of failure or easily adjusted for other power supply requirements. This paper proposes a modular, flexible, isolation stage that can easily be connected to the prototype under test, has a variety of power supply options, digital channel flexibility and can be easily replaced in case of failure. The load regulation of the module outputs have been experimentally measured and are presented. The proposed isolation stage has been utilised for the control and gate drive supply isolation in a 1MHz switching frequency Capacitor-Inductor-Inductor-Capacitor (CLLC) Resonant Dual Active Bridge (RDAB) converter to demonstrate the isolation stages usefulness in high switching frequency applications.
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SVM strategy with duty-offset component injection for a three-phase/level PFC rectifier based on current sector control
- Author(s): Y. Kumsuwan
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This paper presents a simple applied space vector modulation (SVM) strategy using a duty-offset component injection for three-phase/level power factor correction rectifier, based on current sector control. In the proposed strategy, the duty cycle equations are determined by utilizing the calculated switching time method in order to generate the duty cycle signals based on a seven-segment switching sequence principle is fully described. A duty-offset equation is presented in order to change the duty cycle signals to new duty cycle signals for the three-phase/level rectifier. Compared with the conventional discontinuous SVM scheme, the main advantage of the proposed continuous SVM (CSVM) strategy is the reduction of the common-mode voltage leads to a further reduction in leakage current, which is between the neutral point of capacitors and the neutral point of the grid connected to the ground. The effectiveness of the proposed CSVM strategy has been verified though computer simulation results.
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High-voltage pulse generator based on capacitor-diode voltage multiplier centrally fed from dc-dc boost converter
- Author(s): A. Elserougi ; S. Ahmed ; A. Massoud
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High voltage pulse generators are commonly used in water treatment applications. In this paper, a high voltage pulse generator with closed loop control on its output voltage is presented. The high-voltage pulse generator is based on the employment of Capacitor-Diode Voltage Multipliers (CDVM) centrally fed from dc-dc boost converter. The generator provides transformer-less operation and high-voltage gain with relatively low voltage rating components which reduces size, and enhances the overall efficiency. A detailed design of the generator passive elements has been presented in this work. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed concept.
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Comparative analysis of surface mounted and flux focusing type axial flux permanent magnet motor
- Author(s): S.Q.A. Shah and I. Hahn
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In this paper a comparative analysis is carried out between the surface mounted permanent magnet (SPM) type and the flux focusing type slotted double stator and single rotor (DSSR) axial flux permanent magnet motor (AFPM). For reasonable comparison, physical dimensions of both the slotted DSSR AFPM topologies are considered the same, however the consumed amount of permanent magnets (PMs) is different due to their different placement. Therefore, the slotted DSSR AFPM topology which consumes lesser amount of PM and has higher torque density is the better topology.
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Power enhancement of piezoelectric transformers for power supplies
- Author(s): M. Ekhtiari ; A.R. Steenstrup ; Zhe Zhang ; M.A.E. Andersen
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This paper studies power enhancement of piezoelectric transformers to be used in inductorless, half-bridge, piezoelecteric-based switch mode power supplies for driving a piezo actuator motor system in a high strength magnetic environment for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography applications. A new multi element-piezo transformer solution is proposed along with a dual mode piezo transformer, providing power scaling and potentially improving the internal heat-up of a high power piezo transformer system.
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Investigating enhancement mode gallium nitride power FETs in high voltage, high frequency soft switching converters
- Author(s): Y. Nour ; A. Knott ; I.H.H. Jørgensen
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An increased attention has been detected to develop smaller and lighter high voltage power converters in the range of 50V to 400V domain. The main applications for these converters are mainly focused for Power over Ethernet (PoE), LED lighting and AC adapters. This work will discuss a study of using enhancement mode gallium nitride switches to form a 50V quasi-square-wave zero-voltage-switching buck converter running at 2-6 MHz under full load. The designed converter achieved 83% efficiency converting 50V input voltage to 12.2V at 9W load.
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An active damping approach for PR-based current control of grid-tied VSI with LCL filter
- Author(s): H. Azani ; A. Massoud ; L. Benbrahim ; B.W. Williams ; D. Holiday
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The use of the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) in Distributed Power Generation Systems (DPGS) and their connection to the utility network requires low pass filters which are typically used for grid current harmonic suppression. The first-order L-filter limits the harmonic current injection generated by the DC-AC converter, but at the expenses of high inverter switching frequency in addition to a bulky and expensive filter inductor. The L-filter may also lead to an increased loss due to a large voltage drop and to a poor dynamic response. For a better performance, the second-order LC filter can be used. The most common solution is to use the third-order LCL filter which reduces the filter size and introduces better dynamics with improved switching harmonic attenuation compared to a simple L-filter. However, this type of filter can be a source of resonance between inverter and grid if no damping method is adopted. Passive and active damping techniques are employed in order to reduce the resonance. Efficiency concerns established active damping technique as a promising solution for the resonance problem compared to the passive damping technique and thus has become of increasing interest. In this paper, the deployment of an additional control loop for active damping technique is investigated through simulation and demonstrated experimentally.
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Maximum power point tracking of renewable energy generators based on sum of dynamic and static conductances
- Author(s): M. Sitbon ; S. Kolesnik ; S. Lineykin ; A. Kuperman
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The manuscript presents a method of interfacing renewable energy generators (REG) by a new method of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The method utilizes the nonlinear sum of REG static and dynamic conductances as MPPT loop regulation variable. Static and dynamic conductances are both operating point and environmental variables dependent. Nevertheless, their sum is always zero when the REG operates at maximum power point (MPP). Consequently, driving the sum to zero assures MPPT for any environmental conditions set. It is shown that in case cascaded MPPT-voltage control structure loop is adopted, utilizing a simple integral controller may easily accomplish the task.
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An enhanced photovoltaic arrays modelling under partial shading condition: generic graphical user interface based approach
- Author(s): F.A. Emara ; A.K. Abdelsalam ; I.G. Morsi ; M.A. Sharkas
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Photovoltaic (PV) cell/modules mathematical modelling is a mandatory aspect in recent renewable energy based systems. Several PV mathematical modelling techniques have been recently presented that vary in complexity and accuracy. In addition, the study of PV modules performance under partial shading conditions adds more complexity due to the presence of multiple local maxima/minima. In this paper, an enhanced PV array model is proposed with extended capabilities like: (i) graphical user interface (GUI) environment, (ii) open source structure, (iii) applicability on cell/array/module configuration, (iv) individual irradiance/temperature input per cell, and (v) accurate determination of local/global maxima/minimums points due to partial shading. The effectiveness of the proposed model is illustrated via rigorous simulation results in addition to a comparison between the proposed model and several recent references that are concerned with partial shading conditions.
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Degradation and fatigue of epoxy impregnated traction motors due to thermal and thermal induced mechanical stress - Part II: thermal mechanical simulation of multiple wires due to evenly and unevenly distributed temperature
- Author(s): Zhe Huang ; A. Reinap ; M. Alaküla
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Part I of the study presents the importance and the analytical and numerical methods to perform a thermal-mechanical stress simulation with evenly distributed temperature for single wires. Part II of the study presents a method with thermal and mechanical conjugated simulations with unevenly distributed temperature for multiple wires and the results are compared to the structural simulation with evenly distributed temperature with the same geometry. Furthermore, based on the stress-fatigue curve of PAI insulation material, the stress-fatigue equation is fitted, which is adopted to estimate the lifetime due to thermal-mechanical stresses. This estimated life is compared to the estimated life based on Arrhenius Law and to the accelerated lifetime test.
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Online maximum torque per ampere control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) for automotive applications
- Author(s): J. Bonifacio and R. Kennel
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Energy efficiency is a major concern regarding the application of electrical actuators in the automotive industry. Online Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) is an optimal strategy for the torque control of IPMSM at base speed, since copper losses are minimized. Current methods present various disadvantages, e.g. torque ripple, high measurement effort, heavy assumptions and convergence issues. This paper presents an algorithm to calculate MTPA set point online using known machine parameters. The convergence of the proposed solution is guaranteed and its feasibility and performance are demonstrated through simulation and experiments.
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Torque ripple reduction in fractional-slot concentrated-winding machines with saliency
- Author(s): S. Yang ; B.C. Mecrow ; N.J. Baker ; C. Hilton ; D.K. Perovic ; I. Kakavas
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Fractional slot, concentrated-winding (FSCW) machines with saliency are being researched extensively for vehicle traction motors. However, they exhibit higher torque ripple than their equivalents without saliency. This paper identifies the origin of the torque ripple and explores potential solutions for its reduction through modification of the stator slot openings. The concept is demonstrated through modification of an in-wheel motor design for high performance electric cars.
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Frequency Adaptive Repetitive Control of Grid-Tied Three-Phase PV Inverters
- Author(s): Keliang Zhou ; Yongheng Yang ; F. Blaabjerg
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Repetitive control offers an accurate current control scheme for grid-tied converters to feed high quality sinusoidal current into the grid. However, with grid frequency being treated as a constant value, conventional repetitive controller fail to produce high quality feeding current in the presence of practical time-varying grid frequency. This paper explores frequency adaptive repetitive control strategy for grid-interfaced converters, which employs fractional delay filter to adapt to the change of grid frequency. Case studies with experimental results of three-phase grid-connected converter system are provided to verify the proposed controller.
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Operation Method for AC Grid powered PMSM with Open-End Winding in Dual-Inverter Topology for Power Factor Maximization
- Author(s): F. Ludwig and A. Möckel
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The paper proposes a new operation method of permanent magnet synchronous machines in single phase AC grids by using a dual-inverter topology. The proposal is targeting on the reduction of current harmonics and maximization of the power factor of the drive system. This can be achieved without additional energy storing inductors, like filter or PFC-chokes. This new operation method can be considered as a combination of an active PFC and inverter operation.
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Lifetime Consumption and Degradation Analysis of the Winding Insulation of Electrical Machines
- Author(s): C. Sciascera ; M. Galea ; P. Giangrande ; C. Gerada
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In this paper, a novel multi-stress model which estimates the lifetime of the winding insulation relative to its duty cycle is proposed and investigated. With an adequate implementation of this model, then an electrical machine can be designed not only in terms of its performance requirements, but also considering the associated reliability and lifetime aspects. Since thermal and thermo-mechanical stresses are considered as the main ageing factors, the model is particularly suited for low voltage, low duty cycle machines. The determination of the model parameters is based on the results of accelerated thermo-mechanical ageing tests, whose procedure is thoroughly reported in the paper. The results of the accelerated ageing tests show that the effect of thermomechanical ageing is significant even for small size, random wound windings under fast temperature rise.
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Global design optimization strategy of a synchronous reluctance machine for light electric vehicles
- Author(s): M. Degano ; M. Di Nardo ; M. Galea ; C. Gerada ; D. Gerada
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Synchronous Reluctance (SynRel) machines are considered a competitive alternative to the induction motors for variable speed drive applications due to their comparable performances and low cost. The absence of rare earth permanent magnets makes them very attractive also in the automotive sector especially for light electric vehicles. The design of SynRel machines has been formalized by many authors in the last three decades but it is still an open challenge since it involves many competitive design objectives and a higher number of geometrical variables compared to other kind of machines. This paper is focused on the joint optimization of both stator and rotor of a SynRel machine with the aim of obtaining the highest torque density with the minimum iron and joule losses as well as smooth torque. The aim is to carry out a machine design that suits best the requirements of a small electric car for urban mobility, i.e. 30 kW with a base speed of 3000 rpm and a maximum speed of 6000 rpm. The proposed optimization strategy is global because it considers a geometry design that takes into account several stator and rotor parameters together. The design method consists in a two steps procedure: in the first stage the torque density and the losses are optimized, while the quality of the torque profile is improved in the second design stage. The results, satisfying the project requirements, are presented and compared to the initial reference machine. Finally a comparison between two design approaches allowing the improvements of the constant power speed range is presented and discussed.
