2015 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies
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- Location: Turin, Italy
- Conference date: 6-8 May 2015
- ISBN: 978-1-78561-068-4
- Conference number: CP667
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Frontmatter
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Assessment of Multipath Interference IN Bend-Insensitive Fibers and Patch Cables for NGANs
- Author(s): M. Olivero ; G. Perrone ; R. Orta ; A. Vallan ; L. Greborio ; P. Regio ; P. Pellegrino
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Multipath interference in bend-insensitive optical fibres is experimentally evaluated in the 1300 nm wavelength range. The main issues concerning the setups for its measurement are discussed. The characterization of some bend-insensitive fibres is presented; the measured fibres exhibit a negligible MPI for lengths 10m, whereas jumpers with length 2m can produce multipath interference at detrimental levels above -30dB. The phenomenon is even more evidenced in the cascade of field-installable connectors equipped with short bend-insensitive fibres; preliminary results show a rise of the MPI for patchcords equipped with these connectors.
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Self-homodyne coherent system based on polarization-multiplexed pilot-carrier
- Author(s): P. Boffi ; P. Martelli ; P. Wylach ; M. Martinelli
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This paper proposes an original self-homodyne coherent system based on the copropagating pilot carrier, which does not require the SOP tracking at the receiver. The system allows to double the whole transported capacity with respect to the standard on-off keying (OOK) modulation thanks to a tailored modulation scheme combined with a specific transmitter (TX) based on the direct modulation of a single laser to achieve both the carrier and the signal, and a RX architecture based on direct detection. By means of suitable simulations, the performance of the proposed system is compared with respect to the employment of 4-level pulse-amplitude modulation (4PAM), which is a very effective modulation format able to double the capacity exploiting direct detection suitable for short-reach applications. Moreover, also polarization shift keying (POLSK) modulation is taken into account in the comparison. Finally, experimental measures confirm the feasibility of the proposed system.
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FLEX -PAM modulation formats for future optical transmission system
- Author(s): R. Li ; P. Cortada ; V. Curri ; A. Carena
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We propose four strategies to establish the operation of the transmitter of flexible modulation formats based on different PAM constellations on the in-phase and quadrature axes of the two polarizations exploited for optical fiber transmission (Flex-PAM). We verify that the strategy based on forcing all the four PAMs to operate at the same bit error rate (BER) - the “same-BER” strategy - besides being the easiest to be implemented enables back-to-back performances only slightly sub-optimal with respect to the strategy that minimizes the overall Flex-PAM signal-to-noise ratio, given the target BER. We also show how nonlinear propagation performances of a WDM comb of Flex-PAM channels can be optimized operating on the power ratio between the four PAM constellations.
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Germanium gate junction-field-effect phototransistor integrated on SOI platform
- Author(s): V. Sorianello ; G. De Angelis ; A. De Iacovo ; L. Colace ; S. Faralli ; M. Romagnoli
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We report on the fabrication and characterization of a near infrared junction field effect phototransistor provided with a Germanium gate and fabricated in a silicon photonics foundry. The maximum device responsivity exceeds 36A/W with a dark current of 33μA at 2V.
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Graphene on SOI phase modulation
- Author(s): V. Sorianelloa ; M. Midrio ; M. Romagnoli
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In this paper we report an integrated phase modulator based on two layers of graphene on top of a SOI waveguide. Biasing the graphene to the transparency condition we show that is possible to achieve phase modulation with promising performance in terms of efficiency and insertion losses with respect to the conventional pn junction silicon phase modulators. The proposed device exhibits an efficiency loss figure of merit as high as 2dBV.
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Impact of non-ideal shapes on high-contrast grating performance
- Author(s): A. Tibaldi ; P. Debernardi ; R. Orta
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In this work the impact of the fabrication nonidealities on the reflection features of dielectric high-contrast gratings (HCGs) is discussed. The grating performance is quantified considering the plane-wave scattering problem. This is solved by means of a novel full-wave simulator based on the mortar element method. The flexibility of this scheme is exploited to obtain a realistic model of a HCG. Several analyses aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of the device to the geometry parameters that are mostly affected by the fabrication process are presented.
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3D Tracking of Single Quantum Dots Through Off-Focus Imaging
- Author(s): L. Gardini ; M. Capitanio ; F.S. Pavone
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Recently, tremendous improvements have been achieved in the precision of localization of single fluorescent molecules, allowing localization and tracking of biomolecules at the nm level. Since the behaviour of proteins and biological molecules is tightly influenced by the cell's environment, a growing number of microscopy techniques are moving from in vitro to live cell experiments. Looking at both diffusion and active transportation processes inside a cell requires three-dimensional localization over a few microns range, high SNR images and high temporal resolution (ms order of magnitude). To satisfy these requirements we developed an automated routine that allow 3D tracking of single fluorescent molecules in living cells with nanometer accuracy, by exploiting the properties of the point-spread-function of out-of-focus Quantum Dots bound to the protein of interest.
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Degradation of InGaN based green laser kinetics and driving forces diodes
- Author(s): C. De Santi ; M. Meneghini ; G. Meneghesso ; E. Zanoni
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Gallium Nitride based Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Laser Diodes (LDs) are reliable devices which are emerging as the reference technology for light emission in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. At the moment, a lot of effort is spent in order to achieve longer lifetimes for InGaN based green LDs, which could lead to the production of portable and highly miniaturized projection systems. Higher Indium concentration allows to cover the green spectral region, but leads to an higher defectivity of the active region, thus reducing the efficiency and the reliability of the device. In this paper, we will describe the main driving forces for the device degradation, their effects and the diffusion mechanism possibly responsible for the worsening of the performances, experimentally extracting its coefficient (on average, 5×10-22 cm2/s).
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Colloidal lithography fabrication of tunable plasmonic nanostructures
- Author(s): A. Colombelli ; M.G. Manera ; R. Rella ; S. Rizzato ; E. Primiceri ; A.G. Monteduro ; G. Maruccio
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In the last years, many studies have been performed on metal nanoparticles because of their possible applications as chemical and biological sensors. Particularly, new design and fabrication strategy of plasmonic transductors have been proposed in order to enhance their sensing performances and reproducibility. Unfortunately, the most used fabrication methods for metallic nanostructured systems, such as EBL and FIB, are less accessible choices for scientists and industrial applications due to their critical drawbacks, like low speed and high-cost.
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Technological and Design Improvements of FBK NUV Silicon-Photomultipliers
- Author(s): F. Acerbi ; A. Ferri ; G. Zappala ; G. Paternoster ; A. Gola ; N. Zorzi ; C. Piemonte
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Single-photon detectors are employed to measure faint light signals with high detection efficiency and time resolution. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are arrays of Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), each one with its quenching resistor; they are connected in parallel giving a signal proportional to the number of detected photons. They offer the typical advantages of solid-state detectors (e.g. ruggedness, low power consumption, small size), high detection efficiency, good time resolution [1] and very good photon-number resolving capabilities. In FBK we produce SiPMs and SPADs with detection efficiency peaked for blue/ultraviolet light (called NUV technology) [2], or green-red light detection (RGB technology), with different geometries. The former are typically employed in a large number of applications exploiting scintillators [3]. Looking for the maximization of the photo-detection efficiency (PDE), e.g. increasing the fill-factor (FF) of the SiPM cell, noise components such as afterpulsing and optical crosstalk between cells (i.e. the correlated noise) become important issues. Recently, we developed new NUV-SiPMs, with high detection efficiency and with different solutions to reduce the noise of the detectors, both at a technological level [4] and a cell-layout level. Here we show the performance of this new NUV-SiPM, produced at FBK, employing a new silicon substrate, with a reduced minority-carriers lifetime, and new SiPM with trenches between cells and high cell density.
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Multiplexed holographic lenses : realization and optical characterization
- Author(s): G. Bianco ; M.A. Ferrara ; F. Borbone ; A. Roviello ; V. Pagliarulo ; S. Grilli ; P. Ferraro ; V. Striano ; G. Coppola
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Solar panels in both space (satellites) and earth applications have a fundamental problem related to their pointing with a right angle towards the sun. In fact, a correct pointing of the sun could improve energy efficiency produced by the panels. In this paper, with the aim to obtain a solar concentrator, we present the realization of Volume Holographic Optical Elements (V-HOEs), such as holographic lenses, by means of an interferometric recording set-up (Michelson type), and their characterization. The recording material was a photopolymer sensitive to light at wavelength of 532 nm. In particular, using multiplexed holographic lenses, the mechanical unit for the correct pointing of the solar panels can be eliminated. As a result, there are less problems related both to the wear of moving parts and possible vibrations due to movements. This is possible if, during the writing process, the photosensitive support is used to record different holograms by changing the angle of incidence of the object and reference wavefronts. In this way, a V-HOE that addresses the solar radiation incident with different angles, on a single photovoltaic cell, can be realized.
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Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy as a first step for nonlinear microscopy
- Author(s): A. D'Arco ; M. Indolfi ; M.A. Ferrara ; L. Zeni ; L. Sirleto
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In this paper, with the aim to realize a nonlinear microscope based on Coherent Raman Spectroscopy, we describe the implementation of femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering technique as a first step, i.e. single pixel, towards nonlinear microscope. Details of experimental set up and the main issue for experimental implementation of femtoseconds CRS spectroscopy are discussed. Finally, Stimulated Raman Scattering measurements on a bulky-polystyrene sample are reported.
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Mapping DNA-LAC repressor interaction with ultra-fast optical tweezer
- Author(s): C. Monico ; A. Tempestini ; F. Vanzi ; F.S. Pavone ; M. Capitanio
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In this work we applied a single molecule technique to investigate an intriguing biological problem not yet fully understood. We used a novel approach capable to measure with unprecedent spatial and temporal precision the interaction between proteins and DNA, allowing us to determine the position of both specific and unspecific interaction along the DNA filament.
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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with single molecule sensitivity in bacteria
- Author(s): M.P. Galletti ; L. Gardini ; M. Capitanio ; F. Vanzi ; F.S. Pavone
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Here we propose a method for studying the distribution of genetic material inside a prokaryotic cell by implementing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with single molecule sensitivity and 3D nanometric localization to map the position of ribosomes and selected gene loci.
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Increasing the Output Energy of MID-IR Laser System for Muounic-Hydrogen Spectroscopy
- Author(s): L.I. Stoychev ; M.B. Danailov ; I.P. Nikolov ; A.A. Demidovich ; D. Bakalov ; A. Vacchi
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In this paper we describe a promising approach to increase the output energy of a laser system emitting infrared radiation in the spectral range 6.78μm based on direct difference frequency generation in non-oxide nonlinear crystals using single-mode Nd:YAG laser and tunable Cr:forsterite laser, which was developed for the muonic-hydrogen experiment. The investigated system is based on lithium thioindate (LiInS2) crystal cut for type II difference frequency generation. The pulses of the Nd:YAG laser (1,064 μm) are combined with the pulses at ~ 1.262 μm of the Cr:forsterite laser through a dichroic mirror and sent to the nonlinear crystals in different optical geometries. The generated radiation reaches an output energy more than 90 μJ in a single pass optical geometry, has 10 ns long pulses at 50 Hz frequency repetition rate and is tunable in the range 6695 - 6870 nm. These results prove the suitability of such an approach for building the laser system for the muonic-hydrogen experiment.
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Confocal microscopy investigation of the deep corneal layers
- Author(s): F. Tatini ; F. Rossi ; A. Canovetti ; A. Malandrini ; I. Lenzetti ; L. Menabuoni ; P. Valente ; L. Buzzonetti ; R. Pini
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Laser assisted keratoplasty is largely used to perform minimally invasive surgery and partial thickness keratoplasty (PTK) [1-3], which can be performed through several different techniques. Such approaches are eligible with respect to the standard penetrating keratoplasty and would benefit a major comprehension of the deep stroma layers morphology, which would be crucial in identifying the correct cleavage planes. In the last years some studies were published, giving new insights about the posterior stroma morphology in adult subjects [4,5]. In this work, confocal microscopy was performed in order to investigate relevant parameters, such as different collagen types distribution. The results of this analysis show some differences in between young and adult tissues and suggest a different pattern of localization of collagen VI and I. Our results indicate the necessity of further analysing the differences between young and adult corneas and between healthy and pathological samples. Our results also suggest a developmental process in the formation of the newly identified Dua's layer, whose presence is proposed to be exploited in order to safely perform deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) [6].
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Analytical extension of LOGO approach for commercial optical networks and experimental validation
- Author(s): R. Pastorelli ; S. Piciaccia ; E. Griseri ; F. Forghieri
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The extension of the LOGO (Local Optimization for a Global Optimization) formula is necessary when network setting optimization for minimum BER needs to be applied to nonideal commercial amplifiers. In this paper we propose an analytical formula and its implementation in commercial network considering the dependence of the amplifiers Noise Figure from Gain. Experimental demonstrations are also presented.
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Techno economics in a wide European optical transport network
- Author(s): M. Quagliotti ; L. Serra ; J. Pedro ; N. Costa
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The paper presents an analysis of techno economic aspects of an European wide optical transport network carrying a static traffic forecasted for the short and mid-term future. A cost model which includes CAPEX and part of the OPEX is defined and an impairment model is applied to evaluate the path feasibility and the regenerator requirements. Evaluation of the benefit of Raman amplification and the introduction of flexibility in the optical network are tackled in this study.
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Software defined networking: proof of concept demonstration over a DWDM optical ring
- Author(s): C. Colombo and O. Benaglia
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This paper gives an overview on how Software Defined Networking (SDN) principles can be applied to existing optical networks, considering the requirements introduced by the last technology's improvement. A description of a proof of concept activity will be proposed. The demonstration shows how extending SDN to the metro area and wide area network (Transport SDN) can fully exploit the dynamism of an Agile Optical Network, with multi-tenant service management, virtual slicing of network resources for advanced services such as Encrypted and Secure Data Center connection, or Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation and even GMPLS restoration that are under Transport SDN control.
