Electric vehicles (EV), are being hailed as part of the solution to reducing urban air pollution and noise, and staving off climate change. Their success hinges on the availability and reliability of fast and efficient charging facilities, both stationary and in-motion. These in turn depend on appropriate integration with the grid, load and outage management, and on the mitigation of loads using renewable energy and storage. Charging management to preserve the battery will also play a key role. This book covers the latest in charging technology; stationary as well as wireless and in-motion. Grid integration, simulations, fast charging, and battery management are also addressed. The objective of this book is to provide readers with an in-depth knowledge about EV charging infrastructure, and grid integration issues and solutions. The book serves as a reference for researchers in academia and industry, covering almost every aspect of the charging and grid integration of EVs.
Inspec keywords: energy management systems; power grids; secondary cells; thermal management (packaging); power cables; power convertors; power electronics; battery powered vehicles; hybrid electric vehicles; invertors; inductive power transmission
Other keywords: energy management systems; secondary cells; battery powered vehicles; invertors; grid integration; power electronics; hybrid electric vehicles; technology and control; power grids; electric vehicles; thermal management (packaging); cable based system; power convertors; wireless charging system
Subjects: Product packaging; Power cables; Secondary cells; Secondary cells; General electrical engineering topics; Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits; Wireless power transmission; DC-AC power convertors (invertors); Power system management, operation and economics; Transportation; Textbooks
This paper is about global call for green energy and to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel for public transportation requires new alternative energy. As a solution to this problem, the electrification of vehicles has replaced internal combustion engines and thus has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions. Lower operating costs and better fuel economy with reduced carbon emissions are the reasons for higher preference of electric vehicles (EVs). Additionally, high penetration of EVs can facilitate grid integration and participate in load balancing and revenue generation. The battery pack of an EV can be charged at standstill or while driving using either the conductive or inductive power transfer (IPT) method. The conductive charging supports only standstill charging, whereas inductive charging supports both the standstill charging as well as charging while driving. The charging methods of EVs that may be either conductive or wireless charging. Currently, most of the EV and charging equipment manufacturers are utilizing conductive charging method. An alternative for conductive charging is wireless charging of EVs, which has the potential to eliminate the shortcomings of conductive charging.
A methodology for evaluating the impact of fast static and dynamic inductive charging on the distribution grid is analysed in this chapter. This methodology is implemented in a realistic model of an urban medium voltage (MV) distribution network to host inductive charging technologies is determined considering the adequacy of the network capacity.
Transportation infrastructures have become a decisive component of our modern cities. Having been the second high energy-consuming sector and the largest air-polluting sector in the United States, transportation systems mostly have become more efficient and environment-friendly. The use of electric vehicles (EVs) has helped in overcoming problems such as the emission of polluting green-house gases and limited efficient operating points generally encountered in internal combustion engine-based vehicles. Comprising more than 40% of the total EV cost, batteries are the major issue in these systems. Due to the limited energy storage capacity of batteries, EVs can travel limited distances after each charging. This problem would affect the consumer's comfort, which is regarded as range anxiety. Moreover, using batteries of large capacities significantly increases the weight of EVs. While charging EVs by conventional systems using cables to connect them to the grid is limited to houses, urban parking lots, and charging stations, wireless power transfer (WPT) facilitates improved and easy accessibility of chargers. This maintains the state of charge (SoC) within batteries thereby leading to lower average depth of discharge and extending their life-time significantly. Moreover, consumer tendency gets improved by extended distance limitation and decreased range anxiety provided by wireless chargers. Apart from that, the safety level in wireless charging is higher especially during wet weather conditions. WPT systems can be exploited either as stationary wireless chargers (SWCs) or as dynamic wireless chargers (DWCs). The former refers to charging an EV battery while it is parked in a parking lot or stopped, for example, at a bus station or urban intersections. However, the latter implies charging an EV battery while it is moving. It is noteworthy that the DWCs are used in order to feed the EV motor drive directly rather than just charging its battery.
Dynamic inductive charging of electric vehicles (EVs) can be proven quite effective in resolving problems related to the high cost of the EV battery, while also addressing the limited range capabilities of EVs, which is one of the main issues impeding their wide market adoption. More specifically, dynamic inductive charging allows EV drivers to wirelessly charge while moving on the road eliminating the need to interrupt their trips to stop at a charging station and charge their vehicle. Moreover, studies indicate that the ability of EVs to charge at various spots during their trips allows a considerable decrease in the EVs' battery capacity and, hence, a significant decrease in the battery cost.
This chapter presents a converter classification, its analysis, and control issues with electric vehicles (EVs). DC-DC converter and DC-AC inverter are the key power electronic interfaces used in EV applications. The input of the converters is given by the energy storage systems such as battery or fuel cells. The available voltage of the energy storage system is very less generally varying from 12 V to 96 V. To drive the EV motors, the required DC link voltage ratings are varying up to 400 V. So, the DC-DC converter and inverter are required that can be capable of providing higher voltage gain. In this chapter, the characteristics of converters and inverters used for EV applications and their control are discussed. The converters and inverters can be divided into different topologies such as cascaded, switched-inductors, switched-capacitors, coupled inductors, soft switching techniques, etc. The advantages, disadvantages, comparisons, and its key features are discussed. The converters are discussed with steady-state analysis, small-signal modelling, and passive components design, for example, a bidirectional quadratic boost converter analysis with simulation and experimental results are presented in the chapter. The EV drive is also an important issue with the converters and inverters. Therefore, the AC and DC motor drives' control issues are also discussed.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly deployed and may become the main private and public transportation mode in many countries in the future. This chapter presents the solution of using solar photovoltaic (PV) and an energy storage unit to mitigate the effects of the high impact of EVs in all levels of charging from level 1 to level 3 of the EV charging system.
In this chapter, discussions on the lifespan of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are initially provided and different methods that can be used for the battery thermal management system (BTMS) of EVs for the enhancement of battery life are introduced. In addition, various reported strategies for the optimal integration of EVs in the power systems are reviewed. Subsequently, an optimal EV charging control (EVCC) strategy is proposed for the EM of the EVs in a parking lot to lower the operational cost for the EVs, while considering the lifespan of the EV batteries. The operation of EVs in a parking lot to provide the V2G services is then investigated through different scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed EVCC can minimize the charging cost of the EVs and provide effective V2G services, and when the degradation cost of the EVs is considered, a further cost reduction can be achieved.
In this chapter, different energy management strategies of microgrid (MG) operation in grid-connected or stand-alone mode are investigated. The problem of optimal energy management could be solved in two timescales. The first timescale includes the optimal operation of an MG and the outputs of the problem could be the optimal scheduling of controllable resources in the MG, such as distributed generations (DGs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and amount of transferred power with the upstream network. The second timescale in MG energy management is solving its control problem, which deals with the control strategies of inverter-based devices to improve power exchange and enhance MG power quality. The state of the art of MG energy management would be thoroughly investigated in both timescales. Not only the current state of energy management strategies, methods, and algorithms would be critically compared to each other but the future prospects will also be highlighted. Finally, an energy management strategy is proposed for a real MG using the day-ahead concept. The elements considered in the MG are photovoltaic (PV) panel, wind turbine (WT), electric vehicle (EV), ESSs, controllable DG, and transformer that connect the MG with the upstream network and provide the transfer of electrical power with the main grid. The objective of this case study is to optimize the economic dispatch of energy within the MG, considering the uncertainties in the predictions of electricity demand, solar radiation, wind speed, behavior of EVs, and the corresponding state of charge (SOC) for a given period of time.
Nowadays, microgrids are more and more tied with renewable energy sources (RESs) to improve the socio-economic advantages for sustainable developments. Due to the stochastic nature of RESs, new challenges have been raised in microgrids. Hence, effective remedies are needed to mitigate the sudden variations of available energy from RESs and to match the RES generation with load consumptions. Introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to the grids can make a major contribution to improve the variability of microgrids considering embedded batteries in EVs. The main features of EVs in microgrids are their flexible charging/discharging capabilities, operation in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) modes, as well as their usual plug-in availability. By integration of RESs and EVs in microgrid, energy management system (EMS) plays an essential role for the efficient use of these components in secure, intelligent, and coordinated ways. Therefore, in this book chapter, the role of EMS in microgrids with RESs and EVs is addressed by introducing objective functions, constraints, and uncertainties. EMS strategies are introduced to solve the energy management between different components of the microgrids.
This chapter contributes to the technologies and various standards associated with the latest Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Electric Vehicle Service (supply/charging) Equipment (EVSE) on par with the standard along with associated infrastructure for their erection. A broad review of infrastructure along with various, highway and vehicle safety standards are adjourned in this chapter. The chapter is written in such a way that it covers the infrastructure development and also assesses the barriers, problems and challenges of deploying an extended network of EV charging stations. The chapter also emphasizes some recommendations to help a few standardizations in charging facilities and expedite EVSE infrastructure deployment to support the continuous growth of EVs to achieve a green environment through lighter exposure of carbon settlements on environments, which in turn encapsulates the globe by slowing down the sea level rise and ozone depletion. This chapter focuses on EVSE and the infrastructure for charging the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs), collectively known as Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs). The results are restricted to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, regulations, and deployment of EVSE across the globe. The standards followed in this study are applicable to any capacity two wheelers/Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV)/Medium Commercial Vehicles (MCVs).
This chapter presents an analytical model to calculate temperature-dependent intrinsic power losses of power semiconductor devices for EVs' converters. Advance modulation techniques for power converters and an accurate fast electro-thermal model for reliability analysis of power modules are also considered in this chapter. This chapter includes (1) an analytical model of power losses with advanced modulation techniques used in motor drives and corresponding numerical conduction and switching power losses of power electronic semiconductor modules; (2) the impact of the heat spreading effect, thermal coupling, and temperature-dependent thermal properties of materials are comprehensively investigated in the ANSYS/Icepak simulation environment (compared to the temperature-dependent thermal properties, the thermal coupling and heat spreading effect have a significant impact on reliability study); and (3) a 3D thermal model, which considers both the thermal network properties and the required accuracy for the calculation of temperature distribution.