While cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities are being addressed in the port industry, this has not yet been achieved to the required degree. To be effective, cybersecurity must evolve rapidly and constantly alongside technology implemented in ports. This chapter introduces the modern port and explores its importance. It then presents cybersecurity and draws a connection between ports and cybersecurity, highlighting ports as a cyber-physical environment. To illustrate the cyberthreat landscape, five known attacks in ports are explored. This chapter then examines control mechanisms in place for cyber risk management for ports and reviews current cybersecurity guidelines and standards. These concepts are encapsulated in the summary, which mentions digital trends and the future of maritime ports and cybersecurity.

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of shipping activity along the NSR by type of shipping and type of cargo, including container shipping. Additionally, a case study of how global demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) is affecting the development of the NSR is highlighted. Finally, the future of the NSR development by looking at sustainability requirements in the Arctic and worldwide that shapes the future of the NSR is discussed. Smart shipping is likely to affect global shipping, thus several initiatives for the development of smart shipping for the NSR are discussed too. In conclusion, this chapter provides an outlook for the development of shipping along the NSR in the future.

Our daily lives now include the expectation of `connectiveness' - the use of digital communications to support our work environment, provide personal connection with friends and family, and support our entertainment through games, on-demand online television, streaming video, and more. Technology continues to develop at almost a breakneck speed, sometimes without us even understanding what the technology can do, or why. Where a faxed still image of a weather map was provided, there may be interactive weather maps with a need for bandwidth to support text, images, even video. This chapter will look at the developments around maritime communications in a digital age; the existing and evolving roles and responsibilities for maritime communications; what is changing in the industry, and why; an overview of existing and evolving technologies for maritime use; and a glimpse into the future.

A data-driven methodology suitable for discovering maritime traffic patterns (maritime analytics) and revealing “roads of sea” is discussed. The proposed solution exploits the MapReduce paradigm to perform parallel distributed processing of large vessel tracking datasets, collected through the automatic identification system (AIS), and analyzes vessels' navigational patterns in a computationally efficient and accurate way. Unsupervised machine learning algorithms are employed to distinguish the spatiotemporal characteristics of vessel routes and distill global maritime “Patterns of Life.” A “Pattern of Life” emerges through an aggregated analysis of spatiotemporal directed port-to-port connections bearing thus the burden of post-processing analysis. Within this context, Patterns of Life are perceived as an enabler for numerous maritime applications. This work presents an overview of the ROute exTrActor (ROTA) approach, while focus is given toward the technical design aspects and challenges of this scheme. The merits of this work can be helpful to a wide spectrum of maritime services such as understanding and predicting vessels' activities, evaluating shipping's impact on the environment, detecting dangerous situations and providing risk reports, assessing the vessel's navigation performance and performing voyage optimization.

This chapter presents how digital transformation could inspire innovation within the supply chain in ports. It consists of three core themes: digital supply chain transformation, port information modeling, and innovation and integrated supply chain management. In particular, it aims to aid in understanding the background of why digital transformation within ports is vital and how this transformation could be implemented. The chapter enhances the understanding of what digital supply chain transformation (digital SCx) is and how the implementation of a collaborative culture could enhance the added value of a port by using an innovative and integrated environment. A key lesson presented is that digital transformation, though originated from technology, is equivalent neither to information technology nor to information systems. More importantly, the reader should understand that the journey through the digital SCx and its integration with the management of a port will be achieved through port information modeling (PIM) and the hierarchy of human understanding, both of which are derived on the basis of the building information modeling (BIM) paradigm.

The chapter examines different decarbonisation scenarios in shipping with a view of discussing some of the core technologies enabling the transition towards zero-emission propulsion for vessels. To achieve this, the chapter is structured as follows: the first part of the chapter provides a brief commentary on the historical context of the evolution of transition fuels. This provides a historical perspective of the development of the technologies around alternative fuels over time and therefore how existing pathways to decarbonisation relate to past thinking about the issue. The following section provides an overview of the current emission targets set by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and other international organisations for the maritime sector. This is important to frame the discussion and also understand how significant and ambitious the targets currently set actually are, particularly for an industry that has in the past been very slow to change compared to what are arguably more dynamic service sectors such as aviation. This is in fact changing very rapidly but is a recent phenomenon. The third part of the chapter translates the previous internationally set targets into scenarios developed by a number of reports on the topic. The scenarios developed by DNV-GL in their 2020 forecast for the maritime sector are discussed as an example of the lack of certainty over the role played by transition fuels. The fourth part of the chapter moves on to discuss three areas of disagreement or debate around the role played by transition fuels to meet these targets. The first is the role of scrubbers. The second is the role of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a transition fuel. The third is the viability of other types of fuels in the future.

The appendix describes a decomposition of a system into hardware component items and computer software component items based on the author's on-field experience in the concept, realization and delivery of vessel traffic service (VTS) and coastal surveillance systems (CSS) in different countries.

The appendix reviews the different types of maritime autonomous surface ship (MASS) projects currently taking place around the world and draws out some of the implications of the deployment of autonomous vessels for port services. Autonomous vessels can generally be divided into two distinct categories; remote ships, which are operated by remote-control means, and automated ships, structured with built-in cutting edge command and control (C2) systems on-board, which operate the ship with minimal or no human intervention. These vessels, which are equipped with self-steering systems and sensors for surface object detection and which are thus able to avoid collisions, will start a new era in maritime transportation.