Electric and hybrid vehicles have been globally identified to be the most environmental friendly road transportation. Energy Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles provides comprehensive coverage of the three main energy system technologies of these vehicles - energy sources, battery charging and vehicle-to-grid systems. The book begins with a discussion of energy source systems, covering electrochemical energy sources, flywheel energy storage, hybrid energy sources, solar energy harvesting, electromagnetic energy regeneration and thermoelectric energy recovery. Then battery technologies are covered, including battery charging strategies and battery management techniques, emerging wireless charging techniques for electric vehicles and the concept of energy cryptography for secure wireless power transfer. Finally vehicle-to-X technology is discussed, embracing the vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid energy systems, for electric and hybrid vehicles. Combining insights from an international team of authors, this book is essential reading for researchers and advanced students developing electric/hybrid vehicles and intelligent transport systems in industry and academia.
Inspec keywords: electromagnetic waves; radiofrequency power transmission; thermoelectric conversion; electric vehicles; battery management systems; flywheels; cryptography; solar energy conversion; secondary cells; energy harvesting; power grids
Other keywords: thermoelectric energy recovery; electromagnetic energy regeneration; energy source systems; emerging wireless charging techniques; solar energy harvesting; battery management techniques; vehicle-to-grid energy systems; vehicle-to-vehicle energy systems; electrochemical energy sources; flywheel energy storage; vehicle-to-home energy systems; energy cryptography; on-board energy harvesting; hybrid energy sources; battery charging strategies; secure wireless power transfer; hybrid vehicles; electric vehicles
Subjects: Data security; Storage in mechanical energy; General electrical engineering topics; Thermoelectric conversion; General transportation (energy utilisation); Energy harvesting; General and management topics; Cryptography; Textbooks; Solar energy; Secondary cells; Direct energy conversion and energy storage; Transportation; Wireless power transmission
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been identified to be the greenest road transportation, while hybrid vehicles (HVs) have been tagged as the super ultra-low emission vehicles. They have their individual merits and demerits, leading them to have their unique roles in modern society. In this chapter, the definition and classification of EVs and HVs are first described. Then, their benefits and challenges are discussed. After revealing the multidisciplinary technologies for EVs and HVs, the energy system technologies are discussed, with emphasis on energy source systems, battery charging and management systems, and vehicle-to-X energy systems.
In this chapter, the electrochemical energy sources for electric vehicles (EVs) are discussed. For those energy sources, their backgrounds, operating principles, performances, and applications are presented. First, the high power density power devices, the capacitors, are described. Next, the most commonly available energy sources, the batteries, are elaborated. Then, the fuel cells, which convert the chemical energy into the electrical energy, are discussed. After the description of various candidates, their existing applications to EVs and the development trend of electrochemical energy sources are given.
Flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) have been investigated in many industrial applications, ranging from conventional industries to renewables, for stationary emergency energy supply and for the delivery of high energy rates in a short time period. FESSs can be used for industrial applications ranging from aerospace stations and railway trains to electric vehicles (EVs). They have their own individual advantages and disadvantages, leading them to have their own unique roles for energy storage applications. Compared to the limitation of an electrochemical battery imposed by its inherent features, such as low power density, short duration of service, limited charge-discharge cycles and being environmentally unfriendly, FESSs exhibit some distinctive merits, such as high energy density, low cost, high reliability, high dynamics, long lifetime, high efficiency, environmental friendliness and easy monitoring of the state of charge. In this chapter, FESSs applied in EVs are discussed, with an emphasis on those operating at speeds over 10,000 rpm. The organization of this chapter is as follows. In section 3.1, a brief introduction of FESSs is presented. In section 3.2, the configuration of an FESS, including a flywheel, a motor/generator, a bearing, a power converter and an enclosure, is described. Then, in section 3.3, possible candidates for ultrahigh-speed motors/generators for FESSs are reviewed. Lastly, in section 3.4, control strategies for motor/generator control, flywheel control and power flow control are discussed.
The internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) loses a large amount of energy in heat in the engine and idling. The electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid EV (HEV) are more efficient vehicles in the market. The EV has the highest energy efficiency among the EV, the HEV and the ICE. The EV allows diversification of energy resources; enables load equalization of power systems; delivers zero local and minimal global exhaust emissions and operates quietly. However, the commercialization of EVs is hindered by short driving range and high upfront cost. These barriers cannot be easily solved by the available EV energy source technologies, including batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and flywheels. Hybridization of the highenergy energy source and the high-power energy source in the electrical drivetrain of EVs is a viable approach to prolong driving range of EVs. On the other hand, the HEV is designed to hybridize the ICE drivetrain and electrical drivetrain to boost up efficiency of the ICE system. Hybridization of energy sources in EVs and hybridization of powertrains in HEVs can significantly boost system efficiency and driving ranges of the EV and HEV. The onboard energy source is the most important part in drivetrain hybridization in the HEV and energy source hybridization in the EV. This work discusses the energy sources for the EV and HEV applications. The drivetrain topologies of HEVs will be elaborated with the emphasis on functionality of the electrical powertrain. The topologies of hybrid energy systems (HESs) in battery EVs (BEVs) and fuel cell EVs (FCEVs) will also be discussed.
The harvesting of solar energy has gained much impetus in recent years as part of the solutions to tackle the ever increasing global energy demand amid the increasing threats from climate change and pollution issues. Its large-scale deployment, similar to the situation of electric vehicles (EVs), has many advantages but also is facing many challenges at the same time. Nevertheless, promoting the application of both solar energy and EVs is probably one of the ways to resolve some problems that we are facing worldwide. In this chapter, the basic ideas about the means to harvest solar energy, and the ways to harvest it specifically for EVs will be described. The appropriate type of solar energy - photovoltaic (PV) will be introduced and the respective electrical characteristics and performance will be explained by referring to a mathematical model developed. Finally, two case studies will be presented for illustrating the practical application of harvesting solar energy for vehicles.
Compared with conventional vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) have a unique feature, that they can recover the kinetic energy during braking for battery recharging. Meanwhile, the vibrational energy of all kind of vehicles during normal operation is also recoverable, and can readily be used for battery charging in EVs. In this chapter, on-board electromagnetic energy regeneration for EVs is presented, with emphasis on energy recovery from braking and energy recuperation from suspension system. Both of their system configurations and control strategies are discussed in detail.
With growing concern on environment pollution and energy conservation, the development of energy-efficient technologies for automotive industry has taken on an accelerated pace (Chau and Chan, 2007). In an internal combustion engine, a portion of energy is inevitably wasted in the form of waste gas. If this waste energy can be collected and recovered, the overall fuel efficiency will be significantly improved (Saidur et al., 2012). On the other hand, during the past decade, thermoelectric generation (TEG) technology has been developed and widely studied as a potential green energy source, which is based on the thermoelectric effect to directly convert the temperature difference to electricity (Elsheikh et al., 2014). Since the internal combustion engine is an indispensable part in the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), this chapter is to integrate the TEG into the HEV to recover the waste heat energy, hence offering a compact on-board auxiliary energy system.
This chapter provides the comprehensive review of charging strategies for the major batteries currently used in electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs), including lead acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. It first reviews charging algorithms for a single battery and discusses future development of charging algorithms. Then, it presents battery balancing methods for pack charging. Finally, it introduces charging infrastructure.
Cutting the annoying power cables, wireless power transfer technology based on the magnetic resonance and near-field coupling of two-loop resonators has tremendously transformed the way that electrical and electronic devices receive their power. This emerging technology certainly has makes our lives more convenient, comfortable, and productive than any generation before us. By introducing wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicles, the obstacles of transferring energy to the vehicles can be resolved. The driver only needs to park the car and leave. Charging the vehicle's battery becomes an easy task. In dynamic wireless charging application like roadway-powered electric vehicle, the technology also enables battery charging while driving. The electric vehicle is possible to run continuous without stopping. Starting from Tesla's principles of wireless power transfer, this chapter introduces the basic concepts, study method, design principles, and latest developments in wireless power transfer technology.
The development history of IPTS for RPEV from its advent to its current status as a state-of-the-art technology has been introduced throughout this chapter. The size, weight, efficiency, air-gap, lateral tolerance, EMF, and cost of the IPTS have been substantially improved during a century, so RPEVs are becoming viable solutions for future transportation. The firstly commercialized OLEV is an especially strong candidate for the near-future widespread use of RPEVs in public transportation. IPTSs that are more economic, compact, efficient, robust, and easy to deploy and maintain will be welcome for future commercialization.
This chapter arouses attentions on the energy security issue for wireless transfer systems, where the capacitor array method is utilized to improve security performance of the wirelessly transferred energy. Nevertheless, the cryptography still needs further improvement to optimize the transmission performance, enhance the encryption security, and enrich the control strategies.
Battery management system (BMS) is a vital device for electric vehicles (EVs). As suggested by its name, it is to manage the battery operation and ensure the battery is safe to work and optimise its performance to the battery and the associated vehicles. It provides the monitoring and communicates with the other control and display units of a vehicle. The key function of BMS is to protect the battery cells, provide thermal management and determine the state of change (SoC) and state of health (SoH), so that it can be equipped to avoid the operation from hazardous and inefficient modes. The battery cells balancing is required in all BMS to ensure a healthy condition of operation for the battery cells. The chapter describes the structure of BMS and its major functions. Various control methods and circuits used for cell balancing and SoC calculation are shown.
In this chapter, the integration of energy and information in electric vehicle (EV) systems is discussed. The importance of open mind and philosophy of engineering are elaborated. Then, the correlation of energy and information in EV systems is explored. After the comprehensive study of the correlation between energy and information, the smart charging algorithms are discussed. In particular, the stimulated synergy by the integration of information and energy flows can definitely accomplish the win-win situation.
In this chapter, we propose a method for the utility grid operator and aggregators to coordinate multiple grid-connected electric vehicles (EVs) so as to provide electricpower ancillary services accounting for quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for EV charging in a multilevel vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system. This method includes applying consensus-algorithm-based distributed control, designing the control objective functions and constraints for providing ancillary services, and designing the constraints for charging/discharging power schedules and the individual QoS requirements of EVs. The consensus-algorithm-based distributed control consists of operation protocols for control and communication among the utility grid operator, aggregators, and EVs, calculating the control signals in the utility grid operator and aggregators, determining the optimal charging/discharging power schedules of EVs so as to provide a required type of ancillary services as well as satisfy the QoS requirements of EVs.
As a large market share of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected in the transportation section, the high penetration of EVs in the power grid has placed new challenges on the power system planning and operation. Their negative impacts on energy supply, transformer deterioration, and peak demand increment are revealed. Therefore, control methods for integrating EVs into the power grid are developed to mitigate the negative effects and exploit the aggregated EVs as energy storage devices to provide ancillary services. In this chapter, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation in modern power system and its control framework are first introduced, which combines communication and EV charging infrastructures. Then, three different operation modes of EVs integrated to the power grid are described, which consists of vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and V2G. The modeling and the control methods for these three operation modes are given. The planning of EV charging infrastructure and the ancillary services provided by V2G are discussed.
The power interface plays an important role in efficient energy conversion between the grid and the energy storage elements such as the battery pack of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). On the basis of infrastructure and size, the power interface for EVs can be categorized into on-board chargers and offboard chargers. Between them, the on-board chargers enable the convenient charging with only suitable outlets. At the same time, the bidirectional power converters become the emerging techniques for EV chargers with the requirements of vehicleto-grid (V2G) operation for smart grid as well as the increasingly strict limits of power quality. This chapter will take an overview of the power converters for power interface of EVs, including not only unidirectional topologies but also bidirectional topologies.
