The nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the fledging paradigms that the next generation radio access technologies sprouting toward. The NOMA with superposition coding (SC) in the transmitter and successive interference cancelation (SIC) at the receiver comes with many desirable features and benefits over orthogonal multiple access such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access adopted by long-term evolution. Various studies reveal that the NOMA is a noble spectrum-efficient technique, which can also be designed in the light of energy efficiency. In this chapter, we study the recent progresses of NOMA in fifth-generation (5G) systems. We discuss the basic concepts of NOMA and explain its aspects of importance for future radio access. Then, we provide a survey of the state of the art in NOMA solutions for 5G systems with numerical performances and provide some avenues for future research on NOMA on a set of open issues and challenges.

The most significant recent evolution in the wireless communication theory (WCT) is Full Duplexing of channel; that is, communicating a transmission simultaneously with reception. This has full impact on the communication system and the overall constituents of the WCT. This chapter aims at highlighting the developments in the in-band full duplexing (IBFD) access technique and its impact on the whole system linking the information source to termination channel. In this chapter, all techniques, algorithms and emerging applications are related to the reader to provide an updated starting point for the fresher and a comprehensive review of the current state of the art, for the experienced professional. The flow of the chapter started by relating the origins of the concept through to different evolved forms and finalizing with the emerging applications. The technique variants are presented in a categorized approach, providing the foundations of the concepts, how these progressed and how the older techniques have been incorporated into the newer context. The categorization was system based - that is relating the system block where the associated technique is exploited and network based, that is relating how these fit into different communication networks' topologies and applications. The categorization was well-related integrability and hybridization of the techniques, as well as presenting the reader with useful reviews and referencing to further readings. The impact of the IBFD is significant, and the pace of associated developments is extremely huge and fast; this art here presents a useful guide which is only relating the current state of art in the immediate temporal zone. IBFD field impacts every detail of the wireless communication system, so it is fair to anticipate the forthcoming decade to lay emphasis on the technique and its exploitations. Pertaining to the current temporal frame, this chapter covered mostly every foundation point in the concept.

This chapter contains a summary of 5G requirements and challenges, with emphasis on those supposed to be (partially) solved through SDN/ NFV control. Some relevant 5G use cases and services are summarised. A short presentation of SDN and NFV concepts and architectures is done related to layering, CPl and DPl issues, network operation systems (NOS) and software technologies, virtualisation, north-bound and south-bound interfaces, function chaining, scalability and real-time issues and so on. The second part of the chapter explores various architectures and implementations based on SDN/NFV in a 5G environment: distribution versus centralisation, unified CPl concepts in 5G/SDN, heterogeneous CRANs, cellular 5G with SDN control, an SDN approach for mobile cloud computing in 5G, backward compatibility and deployment issues.

The “Internet of Things”(IoT) is becoming an increasingly growing topic of conversation worldwide that it promises to offer a revolutionary fully connected “smart”world. IoT represents a vision, in which the Internet extends into the real world involving everyday objects equipped with sensors, processing, and communications capabilities that will allow them to interconnect to each other over the Internet to accomplish some objective. This chapter reports on the current status of research on the IoT by examining the literature, identifying trends, exploring issues, challenges, and opportunities associated with IoT.

This work aims to integrate the technical designs of Future Internet (FI) Architecture of the European Community (FIWARE) with state-of-the-art Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and the platform's business requirements and specifications for realizing efficient, small-scale qualitative, farming. An innovative business model is introduced through a set of offered services that are based on networking `things' and passing contextual data (information) to business entities to further process, distribute and monetise the derived knowledge to their organisations (farmers, agronomists/mentors, Quality Certification Bodies). All these follow, technologically, the IoT concept. A FIWARE-enabled platform exploits Future Intelligence's end-to-end standardised modern wireless sensor network (Future Intelligence's Internet of Things (FINoT)) that performs tedious tasks and makes field-data available anytime and `everywhere'. Everywhere currently means within the under-development community or for public use only under farmers' (on a per demand case) permissions. The platform enables access to the sensor data and facilitates process automation, resource management and data handling. The main target of the solution is to establish an ecosystem of technology services that lead to very specific business opportunities: a data consolidation mechanism acquiring data from different sensor controllers bought from various vendors. In that sense, the platform aims to continue the integration of FI-enabled software tools with emergent technologies, architectures and business concepts. Creativity and quality of usage of the Generic Enablers and FIWARE's Technology chapters is profound: the proposed solution takes advantage of the already built-in application programming interfaces and tools provided by the FIWARE platform, like the IoT/context chapter smoothly integrated with FINoT platform and co-developing outstanding B2B Marketplace opportunities (Business Framework) consumed through an ideal User Experience Web Environment. Overall, the agriculture marketplace and community's (QUalitative HOrticulture Marketplace) vision is to promote and reward quality and sustainable farming in fruit and vegetables' production by bringing together Internet of People with the IoT; a bridge realised by a proper business model.

An enabling technology for the fifth generation (5G) ofwireless communications is the virtualisation of network resources. 5G networks are expected to consist of dense deployments and efficient resource allocation is a top priority. At present, there is a growing number of research projects, investigating network virtualisation at different levels. The virtualisation of core network functionalities is the topic of the T-NOVA project where a virtualised cloud infrastructure is responsible to provide them, thus achieving elasticity and flexibility in network deployment. Moreover, various tools such as OpenFlow have been developed allowing the dynamic and scalable adaptation of the core network regarding the routing of data. Also, open-source solutions such as OpenStack have been adopted for the management of public and private clouds as well as the well-timed creation and effective maintenance of virtual machines.

Future 5G technologies are expected to overcome the challenges of next generation networks aiming to tackle the novel and manifold business requirements associated to different vertical sectors. Extraordinarily high speed and capacity, multi-tenancy, heterogeneous technologies convergence, on-demand service-oriented resource allocation or even coordinated, automated management of resources are only few examples of the complex demands 5G aims to undertake. The shift from centralized cloud computing-based services towards data processing at the edge is becoming one of the fundamental components envisaged to enable those future 5G technologies. Edge computing is focused on pushing processing to the network edge where all the actual interactions in the access networks takes place and the critical low-latency processing occurs. Combination of network functions virtualization (NFV) and edge-computing technologies and mechanisms provides a wide range of novel opportunities for value-added service provisioning covering different features required in future access networks, such as Quality of Service (QoS), security, multi-tenancy, and low latency. This chapter provides an overview of edge-computing technologies, from supporting heterogeneous infrastructure up to service provisioning methodologies related to the application-specific requirements. It describes the role of edge computing and NFV in future 5G mobile networks. It also provides an insight into how edge computing can potentially facilitate and expedite provisioning of security in 5G networks. The manuscript analyses the role of the networking resources in edge-computing-based provisioning, where the demands of 5G mobile networks are to be met with wireless-networking technologies, which in essence are different to wired technologies present in core data centers. Initial results obtained from the evaluations of wireless fog networking backhauls are presented, and the challenges ahead of the actual implementation of those technologies are also analyzed in the chapter.