Smart grids with distributed clean energy generation, storage and prosumers are the future of energy systems. They need two-way digital communication between multiple customers and suppliers of energy, to produce, buy and sell electricity to the grid at small scales. These arrangements need a system that maintains, checks, and registers information about transactions.
Blockchain technology is able to handle these requirements with smart contracts, peer-to-peer energy trading and immutable transactions. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that can be accessed across the entire network of computer systems. Combined with sensors to track energy flows, blockchain can enable the smart grid.
After an introduction to blockchain, chapters cover integration with IoT, IoT- and blockchain-enabled smart grids, use of sensors, security and privacy, use of machine and deep learning, energy storage and transaction, as well as use of cryptocurrencies for transactions.
Written by an international team with the necessary multi-disciplinarity, this work for researchers in power systems as well as economists with related interests covers the use of blockchain technology for smart grids.
Inspec keywords: Internet of Things; engineering education; telecommunication security; cloud computing; power engineering computing; power system security; blockchains; smart power grids; data privacy; sensors
Other keywords: data privacy; smart power grids; power engineering computing; power system security; sensors; blockchains technology; management security; implementation security; Internet of Things; telecommunication security; Internet
Subjects: Power engineering computing; Information networks; Data security; Transducers and sensing devices; Education and training; Power system control; Internet software; Control of electric power systems; Computer networks and techniques; Computer communications; Distributed databases; Sensing devices and transducers; Cryptography
Many industries, including finance, medical, manufacturing, and education, utilise blockchain applications to benefit from the technology's unique set of properties. Trust ability, collaboration, organisation, identification, credibility, and transparency are all advantages of blockchain technology (BT). This chapter presents the fundamentals of BT and its properties and working procedure.
This chapter emphasizes on the IoT, its mechanism, and significance with respect to the current trends. Sensors will be the medium to exchange information from one part of the location to different locations. Smart grids play a major role compared to conventional grid were the energy usage and controlling are critical. The later section of this chapter gives the complete picture of how these IoT-enabled networks will be the part of smart grids, its implementation challenges, and benefits.
The role of blockchain in IoT is discussed. Various advantages and disadvantages or challenges faced in adopting blockchain in IoT are considered. The overall vulnerabilities of IoT environment is discussed in detail here.
Nowadays, smart applications are becoming part of small-scale to large-scale industries. Smart applications are making farming, tourism and hospitality, energy sector healthcare, supply chain, and so on smarter than ever. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is also called Industry 4.0, is the new evolution in the industrial sector that includes automation and smart applications. Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the major pillars of Industry 4.0. IoT devices that collect real-time data from the environment and exchange data among themselves. However, the security and privacy of IoT devices are a major concern as data transmission happens over public networks. To handle the issues, blockchain technology (BCT) can be one of the solutions. The blockchain proved its potential in enhancing the security and privacy of Internet data with various applications. In this regard, the chapter provides an overview of the idea of incorporating blockchain in IoT to overcome the security issues of IoT systems. The main objective of this chapter is to how blockchain features overcome the security and privacy threat in IoT system. Initially, the chapter focuses on several security and privacy concerns in IoT. We associate the features of the BCT with the challenges faced in IoT with respect to security and privacy issues. Some of the applications of blockchain in IoT have also been discussed that primarily target security and privacy issues of IoT. The chapter also focuses on challenges and future works in blockchain integrated with IoT infrastructure.
In recent years, enormous growth has taken place in the field of electric power systems. Smart grids (SGs) were introduced to address the issues in traditional power grids that are authentic, safe, and secure. The SG collects sensor nodes from various networks that use various communication technologies for safe communications. With wireless sensor network, the SG permits bidirectional energy flow between the service distributors and users. Direct communications take place between the sensor nodes, whereas they are in the communication range. The sensor nodes beyond the communication limit in the networks need the support of the routing protocols. The protocols that are used for the routing process reduce the path overhead in the network topology. However, it causes larger power consumption. Therefore, routing and power control become significant issues in a grid structure. Hence in this research, we proposed an improved hybrid zone-based routing protocol (IZCG) for neighborhood area network (NAN) in SG communications. The proposed scheme consists of different techniques like managing network topology, controlling dynamic congestion, isolating selfish nodes, and utilizing the multiple channels in the network based on the game theory-based routing protocol. Moreover, a game-based fuzzy quality learning approach is implemented to prevent DoS attacks, which would increase the accuracy rate in the prevention of attacks and decrease the rate of false alarm that identifies the various denial of service attacks. Finally, the performance evaluation of the proposed IZCG demonstrates that it achieves better performance than other existing protocols for the routing process.
In this work, a blockchain-based secured IoT-enabled SG system is developed to achieve more secured meter reading communication among the AMI system. The work implemented the blockchain mechanism in both HAN and neighborhood area networks to prevent tampering of electric meter reading from the intruders, so that the billing system is efficiently developed without any economic loss to the government. The smart meters periodically update the meter reading and the digital signature to the nearby server. The distributed server verifies the authenticity of the received meter reading using a consensus mechanism. The meter reading is verified against tampering using the smart contract codes running in the server. The verified meter reading is then updated to the distributed smart ledger. In this way, the proposed model prevents unauthorized access to confidential data and the transmission of false metering data by an adversary. Hence, wrong demand estimation and erroneous billing are avoided.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a widely recognized technology that connects ordinary devices to the Internet to provide convenience and a variety of functions, while the smart grid (SG) is described as a power grid that is connected to a broad network of Information and communications technology (ICT). This chapter discusses SG and its importance and requirement for the present trend. The deployment of IoT-based sensor data management in SGs is found to be a tedious process when it comes to data processing. The huge data of SGs has to be processed for increasing the adaptability of the system. There are various data-centric models for IoT-based data management. This chapter provides an insight into different data processing techniques, their advantages, and disadvantages.
Through the confluence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensors, the smart grid (SG) is proposed to fix the possible energy supply concerns. However, problems of reliability and safety in the trading of energy and the utilization of data cause significant obstacles to SG adoption. Blockchain technology is investigated to fix these issues in SGs. This chapter focuses on elaborating on the SG, blockchain technology, and some of the most critical SGs, which use blockchain applications. A systematic investigation is done in-depth, including recommendations for an appropriate blockchain design, a model block layout, and the blockchain technicalities that could be used. To address the problems of privacy and protection in the grid, data aggregation techniques that are efficient and based on blockchain technique are investigated. Energy delivery systems may use blockchain to potentially regulate electricity transfer to a specific location directly by tracking consumption statistics. In addition, blockchain-based systems will aid the process of diagnosis and upkeep of SG facilities. Ultimately, different obstacles that must be overcome in order to integrate these two systems are explored.
Over the last few years, the development of a blockchain mechanism for Internet of Things (IoT)-driven applications has emerged as a solitary, troubleshooting as well as a leading mechanism. The distributed database in blockchain technology gives more importance to information security and privacy. It also has a consensus system that assures information security and legitimacy. This mechanism is widely used in the financial economy, IoT, cloud computing, large data, and edge computing. Nonetheless, it introduces novel security concerns, such as majority assault and double-spending, and many more. Hence, there is a need to address these novel security concerns as this technology is being used in many critical and edge-cutting applications. Hence, this chapter introduces mechanisms for the amalgamation of data analytics with blockchain to secure the information. The value of new technologies, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is highlighted through analytics on securing the information on the blockchain. To improve the accuracy of outcomes, data reliability and exchange are critical. When these two technologies (ML and DL) are combined, they can produce extremely exact outcomes. In the next section, we focus on the broad knowledge of ML and DL. After that, we emphasize ML and DL mechanisms for smart grids that are to be followed by them for blockchain in smart grids.
The SG is a very emerging technology in the energy sector, and it needs a reliable and secure framework for operations. Blockchain can be merged into the SG to open the doors to a wide range of possibilities. SG uses intelligent transmission and distribution networks in order to efficiently deliver the energy. We can conclude that using blockchain and cloud computing SG works in a more smarter way by giving more security and data management facilities to the users.
The coordination of blockchain and the SG framework permits the local area to keep up with exchanges in the framework in an agreement way. Exchanges are performed with smart contracts. Exchange history is put away in the blockchain and copied to every single full hub. The blockchain gives unchanging nature to the smart agreements and exchange information, by confining a record to be changed or deleted. Subsequently, a brilliant agreement between a generator and a purchaser will consistently be executed, giving assurance that a maker will consistently convey the power when a buyer has paid. The permanence additionally gives recognizability, which is useful for review or tackling an exchange debate.
Distributed computing is getting famous which is a framework with helpful, on request office to get to organize alongside the different coordinated figuring assets, for example, workers and capacity that can quickly be delivered with least administration exertion or specialist cooperation. At this point, electric grid with various use has a predetermined processor and capacity assets, subsequently distributed computing helps in most extreme usage of the capacity assets. With the assistance of distributed computing, different control calculations can be created to further develop power and burden adjusting.
Utilizing distributed computing applications, energy of the board strategies in SG network can be assessed inside the cloud, rather than between the end client's gadgets. This design gives more memory and capacity to assess processing system for energy the board, and cost-improvement.
So, we can finally conclude that the coordination of SG with cloud computing and blockchain has made the SG functionally more smarter.
Energy storage units (ESUs) and transactions are becoming effective features for improved grid resilience, for effective demand response, and to lower bills of modern smart grids. This chapter gives an insight about smart grids and ESUs employed. The method could aid in the resolution of a number of complex issues relating to the integrity and reliability of fast, dispersed, and complicated energy transactions and data transfers. Employment of blockchain could lower transactive energy prices while also improving the security and long-term viability of distributed energy resource integration, removing hurdles to a more decentralized and resilient power system. This chapter explores more on the basic issues regarding this.
The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT)-blockchain-enabled smart grid has been introduced as a current vision of the usual power grid to solve a systematic way of incorporating renewable and green energy technologies. To secure energy from anywhere at any time, there is an approach called energy internet (EI), where the smart grid is connected through the internet an innovative and emerging technology. The main goal of this approach is to improve the energy sector more efficient and available to improve the environmental and economic conditions of our society. There are many challenging issues in the existing centralized energy grid system like coordinating and integrating a huge number of growing grid connections. Accordingly, the IoT-blockchain-enabled smart grid is going through an alteration from a centralized topology to a decentralized topology. Precisely, more development has been introduced as cryptocurrency initiatives are emerging in trials of products and projects. Furthermore, the IoT-blockchain-based model has a few excellent features which cause a favorable application for the smart grid model. Here we aim to provide an IoT-blockchain-based platform for smart grid and identified some significant security issues of smart grid scenarios.