Nanogrids are small energy grids, powered by various generators often including photovoltaics. For example, a nanogrid might supply a village in a rural area and allow that village to trade its surplus energy. A picogrid is a still smaller energy grid. IRENA defines nanogrids as systems handling up to 5 kW of power while picogrids handle up to 1 kW.
Nanogrids and picogrids can play roles in urban, suburban and rural areas, particularly in developing countries, and can help with decarbonising the energy systems and empowering citizens. Electric vehicles (EV) are poised to play important roles and need to be accounted for in emerging and future small grids.
This book introduces the principles of nano- and picogrids, then goes on to provide a technical analysis covering connected resources, modelling and performance, power quality and protection. The use of nano- and picogrids in conjunction with EV, charger technologies, the IoT, cloud computing and data sharing is explored. Case studies of real-life projects help readers to understand and apply the concepts for their own projects.
Nanogrids and Picogrids and their Integration with Electric Vehicles is a valuable resource for researchers involved with power systems, particularly those with an interest in power supply in rural areas, or anyone with a particular interest in nano- and microgrids. It is also of use to advanced students, and to engineers working in utilities.
Inspec keywords: building management systems; secondary cells; battery powered vehicles; power grids; dynamic programming; hybrid electric vehicles; Internet of Things; power generation scheduling
Other keywords: power grids; battery powered vehicles; power generation scheduling; dynamic programming; battery storage plants; hybrid electric vehicles; electric vehicles; secondary cells; nanogrids; building management systems; Internet of Things; picogrids
Subjects: Computer communications; Secondary cells; Power system management, operation and economics; Computer networks and techniques; Secondary cells; Buildings (energy utilisation); Physics literature and publications; Automobile electronics and electrics; General transportation (energy utilisation)
This chapter provides a general introduction of "Nanogrids and Picogrids and their Integration with Electric Vehicles." It starts with the present scenario of the world environment. After that, advancement in computation technology has been discussed. Then, one by one, a paradigm shift in the energy market, grid topology, and mobility have been discussed. At last, chapters of the book at a glance have been presented.
This chapter describes energy resources that are suitable for electric energy generation. Different types of energy resources used for electric power generation have been briefed. Based on the type of energy resource, plants may be of different types like a steam power plant, nuclear power plant, diesel-electric power plant, gas turbine power plant, hydro-electric power plant, magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) power plant, thermoelectric power plant, wind power plant, tidal power plant, geothermal power plant, etc. All these types have been described. Then, different aspects of solar thermal photovoltaic (PV)-based power plants have been described. Battery-based storage system is discussed. Different features of solar PV systems used as energy resources for nanogrids and picogrids have been presented.
This chapter starts with a description of gradual changes in the grid structure. Then nanogrid (NG) and picogrid (PG) are focused. The general structure, components of nano and pico grid (NPG) systems have been presented. Different types of grid integration with NG and PG have been discussed. Different aspects of NPG components have been discussed and their models have been provided. Converters have been classified and various types of converters have been described with the configuration and properties. NPG has been classified and different grid types have been discussed. Useful topologies of different grids have been presented. In addition to that, general load flow for the common AC and DC networks has been provided.
This chapter presents the operation and performance analysis of nanogrid and picogrid systems. At first, different control methods for nanogrids and picogrids have been described. Then some case studies on their operations have been presented. Then performance analysis has been carried out followed by a summary.
This chapter deals with quality issues of electric power in nanogrid and picogrid systems. Different power quality (PQ) disturbances have been described. Their probable sources and effects have been discussed. Harmonics issues have been discussed in detail. Different useful parameters have been defined for quality analysis. Useful standards have been recommended and mathematical tools useful for PQ analysis have been presented.
This chapter deals with faults and protection in nanogrid and picogrid systems. Faults commonly faced in these grids have been discussed along with their causes and effects. Schemes used for protection against different faults have been presented. Internal faults, as well as external faults affecting the system, have been considered. Probable faults in each section of the grids have been presented.
This chapter deals with the utilization of nanogrids and picogrids. Different utilizations have been classified based on various grid aspects. Tariff and load considerations have been discussed. Examples of many grid utilization in various sectors have been provided. Some case studies have been presented.
This chapter deals with electromobility. It has been defined and the different types of electric vehicles (EVs) have been classified. The need for electromobility has been pointed out and different advantageous features of electromobility have been presented. Different technical aspects of electromobility have been discussed. Scopes for electromobility in smart city applications and rural transportation have been discussed.
This chapter deals with nanogrid and picogrid integration with electromobility. Charging stations are important components of electromobility. This chapter provides the application of nanogrid and picogrid for feeding power to charging stations used for electric vehicles (EVs). Different aspects of charging stations have been provided. Design features have been described and then factors of grid connections have been described. Different advancements occurred in this field have been presented. One case study has been described. Some useful standards have been provided followed by a summary.
The mode of mobility in both rural and urban areas is changing from conventional oil-based vehicles to hybrid and electrical electric vehicles (EVs). With the increase in the number of EVs, it has become a challenging job to provide proper charging facilities throughout the vehicle network. On the other hand, considering the rooftop space available in a city environment, nanogrid (NG) instead of a microgrid is becoming an alternate or parallel choice to meet the power demand. With this perspective, in this chapter, an attempt has been taken to propose nanogrid-integrated EV charging with the Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart time and space management. First NG integration has been presented and then NG has been incorporated with the EV charging system. IoT-enabled information sharing system (IEISS) has been introduced to the link between consumers and NG stations. Selection of charging station has been done. Then, standby battery charging station (SBCS) has been added to the system, and the selection process has been modified accordingly for space and time optimization. Comparative case studies have been presented.