Electrical Steels - Volume 2: Performance and applications
2: School of Engineering, Magnetics and Materials Group, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Volume 2 describes performance and outlines applications of electrical steels. Topics covered include localised characteristics of electrical steels; practical properties of electrical steels; other electrical steels; prediction of losses in electrical steels; application of electrical steels in transformer cores; applications of electrical steels in rotating electrical machines; non-sinusoidal magnetisation and applications; magnetic building factors in electrical steel cores; use of amorphous ribbon and nano-materials in transformer cores; electrical machine core vibration and noise; approaches to predictions and measurements of flux density and loss distributions in electrical machine cores; the application of international standards to magnetic alloys and steels; electrical steels and renewable energy systems; environmental impact of electrical steels; and typical performance data of commercial electrical steels. The companion Volume 1 covers the fundamentals and basic concepts of electrical steels.
Inspec keywords: transformer cores; magnetic cores; magnetisation; electrical products industry; silicon alloys; machinery production industries; ferromagnetic materials; turbomachinery; iron alloys; industrial economics
Other keywords: rotating electrical machines; magnetic properties; electrical steels; metallurgical features; localised magnetisation; electrical machine cores; FeSi; material production; transformers; magnetism; electrical machine manufacture; commercial issues
Subjects: Magnetic cores; Transformers and reactors; Ferromagnetic materials; Machinery and equipment industry; General electrical engineering topics; General topics in manufacturing and production engineering; Monographs, and collections; Economics; Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects; Electrical equipment manufacturing; Ferromagnetism of Fe and its alloys
- Book DOI: 10.1049/PBPO157G
- Chapter DOI: 10.1049/PBPO157G
- ISBN: 9781785619724
- e-ISBN: 9781785619731
- Page count: 617
- Format: PDF
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Front Matter
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1 Localised characteristics of electrical steels
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The book chapter focuses on localised or microscopic properties of grain oriented (GO) and non-oriented (NO) steels. This ranges from the magnetic domain level to single crystal and grain-to-grain interactions. This is intended to show how the microstructure and controlling intrinsic magnetic properties influence the practical magnetic performance of commercial silicon-iron alloys.
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2 Practical properties of electrical steels
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Previous book chapters have focused on localised properties of electrical steels, mainly from micro-dimensional up to grain-to-grain interactions. This book chapter now follows on to describe some of the characteristics which are of more direct relevance to material selection and application in magnetic cores.
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3 Other electrical steels
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The book chapter considers the performance and applications of electrical steels. In this chaper the authors consider: high silicon steel; cube-oriented electrical steel; ultra-thin and automotive grade electrical steels.
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4 Prediction of losses in electrical steels
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The book chapter shows that a `good' model is one which only needs a small amount of reference experimental input magnetisation data and can predict accurately over a wide magnetisation range. It could be argued that, for many applications, it is not necessary for the model to be based on physical processes as long as it can be used effectively to predict the loss of a steel to a sufficient accuracy. The chapter summarises some approaches to loss modelling and shows that they each have their own virtues which can be assessed in terms of speed, complexity, wide applicability and accuracy. Loss separation approaches and hysteresis models are incorporated into some commercial computational electromagnetic software used for electrical machine performance predictions.
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5 Application of electrical steels in transformer cores
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Probably, more than 90% of the GO electrical steel produced each year is used in transformers cores, and this proportion is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The beginning of this book chapter provides sufficient grounding for non-experts in basic aspects of the principles, terminology, design, operation and characteristics of transformers needed to understand the role of the magnetic core. Next, practical and electromagnetic aspects of strip wound and laminated cores are introduced followed by a description of flux transfer and localised losses in cores. Causes and effects of core faults are described briefly, and the chapter concludes with an introduction to the process of loss capitalisation in evaluating the total ownership cost (TOC) of a transformer.
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6 Applications of electrical steel in rotating electrical machines
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Most non-oriented (NO) electrical steel is used in rotating machine cores. Depending on the core design, the steel may be magnetised from d.c. to several hundred Hz over a wide range of flux densities. This book chapter introduces the fundamental principles of motors and generators, particularly focusing on the role of soft magnetic material. The general design and performance characteristics of common families of rotating machines are briefly reviewed. Examples of localised flux and loss distributions are given in order to appreciate the complex magnetisation patterns to which core materials can be subjected.
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7 Non-sinusoidal magnetisation and applications
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The book chapter shows that it is rare for soft magnetic materials in a.c. applications to be subject to perfectly sinusoidal flux-density waveforms. The designers and users of electrical machines are placing increasing demands on the magnetic cores. Traditionally, the electrical steels used in these devices are characterised under standard conditions with power frequency sinusoidal magnetisation requiring designers to over-engineer the magnetic components based on previous experience. It is common knowledge that many applications of electrical steels exhibit flux density waveforms which are far removed from the sinusoidal ideal. Even for conventional, sinusoidally excited, devices such as induction motors, the flux density waveforms vary from close to sinusoidal to highly distorted and, behind the teeth, rotational flux conditions.
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8 Magnetic building factors in electrical steel cores
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Today, it is often necessary to predict the total ownership cost (TOC) of a power transformer as accurately as possible. In this book chapter, the concept and some practical aspects of the building factor (BF) are introduced before showing how attempts to quantify some of its possible causes can possibly be achieved more accurately.
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9 Use of amorphous ribbon and nano-materials in transformer cores
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The main purpose of the book chapter is to show comparisons of the performance of amorphous ribbon in transformer cores with that of equivalent, conventional GO steel cores. It should be noted that where direct comparisons are given, they usually refer to results obtained from a limited numbers of cases which often focus on one or two characteristics. Sometimes, performance characteristics are compared under reference magnetising conditions that suit one material better than another.
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10 Electrical machine core vibration and noise
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The book chapter focuses mainly on transformer noise but includes a brief review of the main aspects of rotating machine noise, particularly where magnetic sources are relevant. An introduction to acoustic noise and core vibration terminology and analysis, which is applied in electrical machine noise and vibration studies is also given.
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11 Approaches to predictions and measurements of flux density and loss distributions in electrical machine cores
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The book chapter presents methods for the predictions and measurements of flux density and loss distributions in electrical machine cores. The chapter summarises the background to Maxwell equations on which all the computational electromagnetic solvers are based, and follows with a brief overview of experimental techniques used for measuring flux and loss distributions in cores.
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12 The application of international standards to magnetic alloys and steels
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The book chapter reviews the international standards in magnetic alloys and steels. Areas covered include: the development of national and international standards; IEC TC 68 - Magnetic alloys and steels; building standards for electrical steels - grain oriented material and non-oriented materials; standards relating to the geometrical characteristics of electrical steels; standards relating to the technological characteristics of electrical steels and changes in the European organisations.
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13 Electrical steels and renewable energy systems
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The book chapter summarises the growing use of renewable energy sources for generating electricity and the closely associated changes in power transmission systems in which electrical steel has always had a critical role in transformers and generators. However,It does not include discussion of the relative merits of the various renewable energy sources.
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14 Environmental impact of electrical steels
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The book chapter reviews the environmental impact of electrical steels by considering the following factors: global impact; impact of losses from GO steel on the environment; impact of losses in NO steels on the environment; the impact of losses in electrical steels on greenhouse gas emissions; efficiency standards for transformers and motors and the perceived barriers to the use of TOC concepts.
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15 Typical magnetic performance data of commercial electrical steels
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The data presented in the book chapter is designed to illustrate the range of properties available in current commercial electrical steels. Samples were chosen from a large bank of materials supplied by several different manufacturers to be representative of the range of properties of commonly used grades and not the best achievable properties. In a few cases, non-standard materials were chosen to illustrate a particular effect.
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Back Matter
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